http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,128 ... _tophead_1
Modern Students Devour Old Math
By Manu Joseph
02:00 AM Aug. 14, 2004 PT
MUMBAI, India -- What is the square of 85? In an instant, a 17-year-old boy said
without blinking, "7,225."
Kamlesh Shetty had used a trick from a quaint concept called Vedic math, a
compilation of arithmetic shortcuts believed to have been written by ancient
Indians who lived centuries before Christ, during a glorious period in Indian
history called the Vedic Age. Its math has now crawled into the 21st century to
further Shetty's dream of cracking a nasty engineering entrance exam.
For most Indian students, engineering is a calling decided in the cradle by
their parents. It is engineering that is most likely to take them away from
Third World realities to the shores of America's good life. So the tussle to get
into engineering colleges is often cruel. In top entrance exams, only one out of
100 candidates makes the cut.
Quick problem-solving ability becomes the most crucial link between aspiration
and fortune. Coaching for these exams is a multimillion-dollar industry in
India, but with almost every student equipped with such preparatory courses, the
applicants search for something more. That's why several Indian students are
beginning to get help from an ancient source -- Vedic math. It has 16 brief
formulas in Sanskrit that have been translated and interpreted into astonishing
arithmetic shortcuts.
Shetty did not know the original Sanskrit verses, but he did know how to crack
the square of 85 in less than a second. "To find the square of any number ending
with 5, just put 25 on the right-hand side," he said. "Take the number that
precedes five. In this case it is 8. Add 1 to it. So in this case it becomes 9.
Multiply 8 and 9. You get 72. 7,225 is the square of 85. It's easy."
Shetty is preparing for the prestigious Joint Entrance Exam. Over 150,000
candidates take this entrance exam every year to compete for only about 3,500
seats in the Indian Institute of Technology. Two-thirds of IIT's graduates leave
for America, augmenting the thousands already there who contribute to the
institute's reputation. American colleges and industry greatly favor students
from IIT, a situation that has only increased competition to enter the
institute.
Pradeep Kumar, who teaches Vedic math in Delhi, said, "There is an increasing
interest among IIT aspirants to take the help of Vedic math." Kumar charges such
students about $120 for 40 hours of lessons. He teaches more than 200 students
in the classroom and guides over 600 through long-distance courses.
Not all of his students dream of attending IIT. Several, mostly engineering
pupils, are preparing for MBA entrance exams as tough as IIT's. One of Kumar's
students, Kartik Arora, said, "Obviously Vedic math cannot teach you how to
solve a problem. But it greatly reduces the computing time. I can vouch for the
fact that in a two-hour exam, I can save about 10 minutes using Vedic math."
Vedic mathematics was ushered into the modern age by a Hindu seer called
Tirthaji Maharaja, after his book on the subject was published posthumously in
1965. He culled 16 formulas from ancient scriptures. Whether the formulas were
indeed written centuries ago or were largely partisan interpretations of obscure
Sanskrit text is a matter of academic debate.
T.A. Ramasubban, who has penned a book on Vedic math, said, "The controversy
arises because some people question how a cryptic Sanskrit verse that means
several things can be safely interpreted as an arithmetic shortcut. For example,
there is a verse in the Vedas (scriptures) that praises Lord Krishna in the
Vedas. If the Sanskrit words are interpreted, the verse gives the value of pi to
30 decimal points.
"My point is that a verse may extol a god, but ... if it also gives the value of
pi to 30 decimals, it cannot be a coincidence or desperate translation."
The controversy over whether ancient texts have been unfairly stretched to pass
as formulas does not affect students like Prashant Chopra. He is a fourth-year
engineering student gearing up for an MBA entrance test to secure a place in the
Indian Institute of Management. Last year, more than 130,000 students vied for
1,300 seats. Thanks to Vedic math, Chopra can arrive at the square of 109 in a
second -- and that means more to him than whether the subject is indeed Vedic or
math.
Top preparatory courses that coach hundreds of thousands of students do not
teach Vedic math yet. "I know that many of my own students are curious about
Vedic math," said Rajesh Lad, a math instructor, "but I believe that learning a
new way of computation may confuse students. Students must sharpen methods that
they are comfortable with instead of taking exotic routes."
Dinesh Arora, a Vedic math teacher whose two sons will be testing for IIT after
mastering the tips of Vedic math, said with a chuckle: "These (teachers) do not
realize that some of the shortcuts they themselves suggest are indirectly
sourced from Vedic math."
