India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

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member_23370
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Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by member_23370 »

Read? when did these jhola type writers and their editors read? Isn't it easier to simbly pull stuff out of the air and attribute it to un-named sources.
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Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by chiru »

@ singha saar it IS the pak-fa, as to why we are testing it in a wind tunnel ? IMO
- to build upon the present config as a base to the two seater fgfa, so that there wont be any major deviations in flight performance.

@Snehashis - its fanboy CG thats it.
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Post by nakul »

I think the FGFA model will be designed from the current PAK FA. What we are seeing is just the PAK FA. Give it a few years to transform into the FGFA.
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Post by vic »

Dhanush wrote:Lots of important information from HAL news letter

LCH completes sea level trials
htt40 - completion of preliminary design, wind tunnel tests etc. metal cutting starts.
ALH WSI - first production HC out
IJT - LSP-3 ground run happens
Does this mean that four IJT are already flying? being PV-1, PV-2, LSP-1, LSP-2??
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Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by sankum »

One pv of ijt has crashed. Thus only three are flying
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Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by SaiK »

Varoon Shekhar wrote:
When the writers from Indian Express, Deccan Chronicle and India Today read this article, how are they going to square it with the negative, derisive commentary they come out with?
Defocus DRDO: Limited, 3rd world class?
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Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by chetak »

MoD restricts DRDO chief’s fiscal powers
NEW DELHI: The government has taken an unprecedented decision to impose severe restrictions on the financial powers of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) chief Dr VK Saraswat after an internal audit report and an ongoing CAG scrutiny raised red flags over many of his decisions.

The move is unprecedented in many ways since DRDO chiefs enjoy exalted position —one of them Dr A P J Abdul Kalam even went on to become the President. DRDO also enjoys a huge amount of autonomy because of the strategic nature of its work and is rarely questioned on its financial decisions.

However, all this has changed. Sources said the ministry of defence (MoD) has issued an order saying that the DRDO chief would have to take all financial decisions in consultation with the finance division of the ministry. Until now, DRDO chief could grant financial approvals of upto Rs 50 crore on his own, without having to consult with MoD finance.

The financial powers of DRDO chief were upped in mid-2010 through an order, which now the government believes was against the norms. The enhancement of his powers, especially as DG (DRDO) of upto Rs 50 crore where he only needed the concurrence of the financial advisor within DRDO, has now raised hackles in the government. The DRDO financial advisor reports to the DRDO chief.

Sources said the enhancement of DRDO chief's financial powers went against the recommendations of an MoD panel headed by present Chief Vigilance Commissioner Pradeep Kumar when he was the defence secretary. They even allege that defence minister A K Antony may have been misled into approving the enhanced financial powers for DRDO chief in 2010.

Dr Saraswat holds three positions concurrently—scientific advisor to the raksha mantri, DG (DRDO), and secretary defence (R&D). Under the enhanced provisions, as DG (DRDO) Dr Saraswat can approve contracts upto Rs 50 crore without referring it to MoD. While, as secretary defence (R&D) Dr Saraswat has financial powers upto Rs 75 crore but would MOD finance approval. Over the last two years, Dr Saraswat had been approving most contracts in his role as DG (DRDO) without referring them to MoD finance.

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is believed to have sent a draft para of its ongoing audit, raising questions over the way many financial decisions within the Rs 50 crore limit was approved by DRDO chief, without enough oversight.

According to the new order issued a few days ago by the M0D with the approval of Antony, Dr Saraswat has been asked to exercise his financial powers, ranging between Rs 25 crore and Rs 75 crors, "with consent" of MoD (finance).

Chief Comptrollers (CCs) of DRDO have financial powers upto Rs 25 crore. They would continue to exercise their authority in consultation with the financial advisor of DRDO, sources said.

A special audit of the DRDO on the orders of Antony has also found that the powers to sanction projects delegated to DG (DRDO), CC (R&D)s and lab directors was granted on the condition that the projects should be cleared by the Defence Research Council. "There is no government letter constituting the DRC, its functions and powers. The DRC meetings are not formal. There does not seem to be any system of circulating Agenda Briefs to members," the audit said.

The report pointed out that in many cases the expenditure incurred on scientists and other manpower deployed on a project is not included in the project cost estimates to keep the total budget under the financial powers available to Dr Saraswat and his other officers.

A project titled "product support and product improvement of Nag weapon system" at a cost of Rs 28.35 crore was sanctioned by Dr Saraswat "even though the CCS (cabinet committee on security) approved Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme is still not closed in so far as NAG missile is concerned," the report says.



Dr Saraswat approved a project worth Rs 49.82 crore for design and development of elctro-optical sensors for air-borne platforms such as UAVs and Aerostats. This was done "by reducing the cost proposed by the Lab (Rs 70 crore) so as to bring it just under Rs 50 crore, which is his sanctioning power," the audit said.



DRDO chief sanctioned a facility for electro-optical system testing at a cost of Rs 35 crore by "DG DRDO to create a facility, which is essentially required to meet the objectives of an already sanctioned project. However, the old project's cost was not revised with the approval of appropriate CFA," it added.
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Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by Indranil »

Victorji, Vivekji,

Please recollect the discussion we had on landing gear and engine placement on Rustom 2 in the previous page. ADE has come out with a tender for the landing gear for the vehicle. It will actually be very similar to the one shown in the Aero India. Here is my cross post from the UAV thread.
Was just going through the tenders on DRDO page and came across the tender for the landing gear of Rustom II.

1. It will have a non-retractable landing gear (Not sure. See postscript).
2. The all up max weight is 1800 kgs. All up weight with 5% fuel is 1095 kgs. so I am expecting that that empty weight is around 1076 kgs. This makes sense with the engine power and 350 kg payload . A vehicle with 1800kg empty weight having 350 kg payload, seemed very under-utilized to me.
3. The vertical stabilizer looked broader and shorter in the schematic.
4. Two underwing stations (one per wing) are clearly shown.

I would love to know more about its engines. The Saturn 36MT is a turbofan, isn't it? Is there a turboprop version of the same? Any information about it?

P.S.

Errata:
I am a little confused. The tender is named "Supply of non-retractable landing system (NLG and MLG) and integration on air vehicle". All throughout the tender, Rustom II's landing gear has been described as "the undercarriage consists of a tricycle non retractable landing gear with a steerable nose wheel". But at the same time, the tender specifies functional tests for the landing gear which have the following two as test points:
- Retraction/Extension Testing (extension and lowering are used interchangibly)
-- Demonstration for retraction and deployment timings considering 15% additional weight of wheels.
-- Demonstration for 5000 cycles [as per spects document]
-- Repeatability and consistency should be demonstrated in the tests. Any test sequence involving the normal
retraction and lowering system should be repeated 25 times, and any test sequence involving an emergency
lowering system should be repeated 5 times. [Ref’n DEF STAN 00-970-Volume 2]
- Testing of limit switches with up-lock and down-locks and Landing gear doors.[by demonstration].
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Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by SaiK »

they have to understand the restrictions should not deny making another APJ Kalam and Dr Saraswat. Can they guarantee that by any type of restrictions? If GoI/MoD going to play spoil sport by more bureaucracy, and getting many projects started off could be heckled by firangi invasions, where our forces have deep interactions via middle men and corrupted babooze.

Corruption has gone beyond legal limits to ensure, firangi powers retain the controls. This is a bad move. Our type of democracy is further invaded now.

R&D projects can't be closed like in any production engineering setup. What in the brains have these CAG gotten into? so, CAG knows how to invent things or what? All over the world, R&D shops have separate budget.. even maasan special ops have separate r&d budget directly approved by the president. They can remain strategically stealthy.

Now, besides the accounting and procedures, there is nothing that should stop normal r&d and budget for that can't be seized.. and, for example not closed projects could mean a longer learning process., especially, when everything has to be invented from first principles. perhaps, they need governance rather restrictions.

employ management board, stakeholders, and make it a public/gov holdings jointly by forces, gov and r&d org. there is a loop hole in CAG too., and now that needs to be fixed!!
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Post by Katare »

As a researcher, I can confirm that this is a very typical practice to get around the babugiri related delays, keeping projects under radar in initial phases and augmenting project budgets when scope increases or initial budgets estimates were inadequate. Sometime you have to do this to keep the project momentum going because you can't wait for lengthy processes related to budget sanctions. These power are given to people in first place to make sure they can oil the machine on the spot and it works.

Big bosses hate it because it doesn't give them a good highlevel picture for policy making and process is misused more often than it should be. I think Sarswat has his heart at right place and he has made positive impact on DRDO functioning and its perceived image. This would definately ruffle some feathers within DRDO and MoD. These kind of news, if you are old enough to remeber, were common about Kalam ji too in his time. Their personal integrity and larger than life persona ensures that they can milk more from a barren system by bending and circling the rules without getting in trouble.
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Post by vic »

Rustom -2 is supposed to have two engines of 155hp each weighing around 220kg each with propeller.
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Post by vic »

chetak wrote:MoD restricts DRDO chief’s fiscal powers
NEW DELHI: The government has taken an unprecedented decision to impose severe restrictions on the financial powers of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) chief Dr VK Saraswat after an internal audit report and an ongoing CAG scrutiny raised red flags over many of his decisions.


Dr Saraswat approved a project worth Rs 49.82 crore for design and development of elctro-optical sensors for air-borne platforms such as UAVs and Aerostats. This was done "by reducing the cost proposed by the Lab (Rs 70 crore) so as to bring it just under Rs 50 crore, which is his sanctioning power," the audit said.


DRDO chief sanctioned a facility for electro-optical system testing at a cost of Rs 35 crore by "DG DRDO to create a facility, which is essentially required to meet the objectives of an already sanctioned project. However, the old project's cost was not revised with the approval of appropriate CFA," it added.
There is systematic attempt to kill DRDO projects. There is no allegation of corruption or misappropriation against DRDO chief but babus are reducing this powers (for what? My guess- encourage imports and delay indigenisation)
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Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by Indranil »

vic wrote:Rustom -2 is supposed to have two engines of 155hp each weighing around 220kg each with propeller.
Open source? O-320? There is a tender for FADEC of O-320 issued on the same day as other tenders for Rustom 2. But can't be sure as Rustom 1 already uses the engine.
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Post by vic »

Tender specifications
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Post by vivek_ahuja »

indranilroy wrote:
vic wrote:Rustom -2 is supposed to have two engines of 155hp each weighing around 220kg each with propeller.
Open source? O-320? There is a tender for FADEC of O-320 issued on the same day as other tenders for Rustom 2. But can't be sure as Rustom 1 already uses the engine.
Supposedly the NPO 36MT is a 100 hp engine according to google.
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Post by vivek_ahuja »

The problem is that the 36MT I know of is the turbofan engine for cruise missiles/UAVs. Not sure if they converted that to turboprop at any point? Surely it can't be as simple as using a gearbox in there. If they have used a gear-set to drive the RPM down, it would be a very curious setup given that there are more developed UAV propeller engines in the market. We are certainly missing something here.
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Post by Prem Kumar »

This is bad, bad news. What Dr, Saraswat does/did is what is standard procurement practice in any large organization. You need approvals only beyond a certain limit - this achieves a good balance between flexibility/independence and financial-control. I am sure he has funded several key "pure R&D skunkworks" type projects this way. Its a stupid idea to ask Dr. Saraswat to go to the MOD for approvals for 10 crore projects. Even 50 crores is peanuts in cutting edge defence.

Even at a personal level, it sends the wrong message to the DRDO chief - that he cannot be trusted to handle small amounts of money

I am sure the reason given will be "this is to stop corruption & abuse". Idiots.
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Post by member_23370 »

The UPA govt has to be removed asap.
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Post by Indranil »

vivek_ahuja wrote:The problem is that the 36MT I know of is the turbofan engine for cruise missiles/UAVs. Not sure if they converted that to turboprop at any point? Surely it can't be as simple as using a gearbox in there. If they have used a gear-set to drive the RPM down, it would be a very curious setup given that there are more developed UAV propeller engines in the market. We are certainly missing something here.
I also don't think that the 36MT is the engine (or base engine or whatever) ... All the Google news is copy paste from wiki which derives it from the Neelam Mathews article in Aviation Week. She had really got everything messed up in that article. (To be fair to her, at that time there was a lot of confusion with the naming).

The numbers that vic is throwing also doesn't quite match up, generally a 155 bhp engine is not supposed to be that heavy. I would assume it to weigh in around 150-160 kgs. I came across a tender for a 2 cylinder engine for UAV from ADE(in 2010). The power output was pegged around 80-90 hp at ISA. But the altitude ceiling was set to 22,000 feet. So I am assuming that that tender was for Rustom 1 (and Lycoming O-320 was finally chosen).

So for me the suspense over the engine for Rustom 2 continues :-).
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Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by alexis »

For all its leftist leanings, Hindu has been pretty consistent in its support to DRDO and indigenous products.
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Post by vic »

There is no allegation of Corruption against Saraswat except that he pushed some INDIGENOUS projects. In this Govt everything that is imported is halal and even a small attempt at indigenisation is Haram. NOTE:- Anti National TOILET gave front page and mid page spread to this rubbish.
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Post by SaiK »

one thing is certain... there are more evils and pakiness within desh than outside... so there is no enemy required for us... they are within our boundaries.
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Post by Prem Kumar »

Even if we dont attribute malicious intent, this is stupid babudom overreach
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Post by Avinash R »

Now, an oxygen room for Army in Siachen and Leh
Shimona Kanwar, TNN | Sep 28, 2012, 06.14AM IST

CHANDIGARH: Indian Army will soon have an oxygen room on top of the world to acclimatize troops to the high altitude conditions. Till now, soldiers used to take almost a week to adapt to the conditions in Siachen and Leh.

Now onwards, rushing troops to an altitude of 11,000 feet and putting them into action will take just 2-3 hours with the help of the oxygen room. The DRDO has developed the oxygen-enriched room for rapid induction of the soldiers who had to wait for a week for adaptation before they could venture out on duty in Siachen and other very high altitude areas.

The DRDO has set up one such room at Leh and six more such facilities will come up in forward areas, including Siachen, soon.

W Selvamurthy, chief controller of research and development at DRDO, who had been at Leh recently to make the troops aware of the functioning of the facility, said, "In a Kargil-like situation the Army is not given any time to adapt to the high altitude. The troops who are vulnerable to acute mountain sickness and get breathless suffer a lot during these emergencies. We will create six such rooms in the base camps of all the forward areas."

The room has been designed by Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), a DRDO lab in Delhi. "This room is for rapid induction of the troops to the high altitude. The percentage of oxygen does not decrease in high altitude, it is the reduction in the partial pressure which makes one feel breathless as there is decrease in availability of oxygen to the body cells at such a height," said Dr Shashi Bala Singh, director of DIPAS.

However, cautioning that the room is only for emergency situations where there is less time for the soldiers to adapt, Shashi said, "The body has a natural capability of adjusting to a height up to 2500m. We recommend this room only in emergency situations. This is also for the VIPs who fly in for a day and leave immediately."
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Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by Nick_S »

marimuthu wrote:DRDO program in Discovery channel on Tuesday(July 31) Night 7 pm IST in India.Please watch
I did not get to watch this. Is this available online? Perhaps youtube?
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Post by Avinash R »

http://www.business-standard.com/genera ... ony/63111/
Asked about recent reports suggesting that the Defence Ministry was curbing the financial powers of the DRDO chief, Antony said, "That is not correct. We are in the process of delegation of more powers to the various wings of the Defence Ministry."

"When there is delegation of power, we have to set right things more systematically. It is not confined to DRDO or BrahMos but to entire Defence Ministry family. Out of our past experience, whenever there is more delegation, there should be more transparent systems. There should be check and balance," he said.
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Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by nakul »

From http://forums.bharat-rakshak.com/viewto ... 2#p1351212
dear nakul,
i agree that corruption is universal. i have a problem with the extent of it. somehow i feel that you just don't get what i am trying to say. a private enterprise will not hit his own bottom line or top line or whatever. It will still try to be competitive depending on the environment. can you say the same thing about the public sector??
i am sorry but you have not answered the fundamental question?
Is our PSU dominated MIC competitive???

about US and its MIC,,, they are still the leaders isnt it????
A private enterprise will not hit his own bottom line but will not hesitate in making the nation hit its to keep itself alive. The extent to which it serves the nation is further its own interests will make it use methods contrary to national security.

The benefit of a public sector is that it will always remain subservient to the state. The extent of freedom will determine its course of action. The freedom to innovate (like DRDO) is what gives success. Even in pvt sector innovation is curbed if it does not help the bottom line.

I'll repeat what I said earlier, corruption can bring both pvt or public sector down. You have to root out corruption because unless you remove the thorn, changing the type of bandage is not going to make too much of a differece.

Edit: babu prosecuting babu is more likely than babu prosecuting ambani's man. Look at the 2g scam & see which people went to jail.
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Post by Vipul »

M&M renews talks to buy US based aircraft maker Hawker Beechcraft.

India's auto major M&M has renewed talks to buy U.S. based aircraft maker, Hawker Beechcraft, sources familiar with the development said. M&M had earlier lost it's bid to acquire Beechcraft to Chinese firm Superior Aviation Beijing Co. Sources say, Beechcraft is likely to invite bids again for a sale process as it's talks with the Chinese firm may have failed. M&M may be interested to bid again for Hawker Beechcraft.

Sources familiar with the development say that the deal talks between Hawker Beechcraft and Superior Aviation Beijing have stalled. The two companies have not come to any agreement even after six weeks have passed since the end of the exclusive period of negotiations between the parties.

Superior Aviation Beijing had agreed to pay $1.79 bn for buying Beechcraft which is well known for it's Beechcraft King Air turboprop and Hawker 4000 business jet. Hawker Beechcraft, part owned by Goldman Sachs' private equity arm had filed for bankruptcy in May. The company has $1 bn debt on it's books and has accumulated losses of $900 mn.

M&M is a small player in the aircraft business. It had purchased majority stakes in aerospace supplier Aerostaff Australia and turboprop manufacturer Gippsland Aeronautics. In an e-mail reply, the M&M spokesperson said, "As a company policy, we don't comment on speculative stories."
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Post by aniket »

Good news :D
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Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by Shrinivasan »

All the best for Mahindras to close this deal.
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Post by shiv »

A Sharma wrote:HAL Newspaper
ARDC launched the first metal cut for HAL Turbo-prop Trainer (HTT)-40 aircraft on
August 22, 2012.
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Post by Indranil »

While I had read about the HTT-40 metal cutting before (most probably in a HAL newsletter) ... news about LUH is completely new
RWRDC Launches Structure for LUH Project
Rotary Wing Research and Design Centre (RWRDC) recently launched the first assembly of the Bottom Structure and Tail Boom for Ground Test Vehicle of the Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) project in the presence of Shri M. S. Srinath, Executive Director, Helicopter Complex, Shri B. V. Rao, General Manager (Finance), Helicopter Complex, Shri V. Sadagopan, General Manager, Helicopter Division, Wg Cdr (Retd) Unni Pillai, Chief Test Pilot (Rotary Wing), Dr Vijayakumara, Offg General Manager, RWR&DC, Shri P. Jayapal, Regional Director (Helicopter), RCMA, Shri A. Dhanabalan, Regional Director, DGAQA and other senior executives. This is the first and major step towards realization of the Ground Test Vehicle. The other assembly jigs viz Tail Boom, Cockpit and Transmission Deck are being installed. Coupling and engine deck assembly will be available for assembly by early October 2012.
A Step Ahead for Light Utility Helicopter
LUH assembly jigs are modular and gaugeless jigs, concurrently designed along with structure design using 3D CAD. There are five assembly jigs and a coupling jig enabling modular and concurrent build- up of the structure. The jigs are built and validated using state-of-the-art CAMS-Computer Aided Measurement System (Laser Tracker) to establish high accuracy and stability. The latest concept of jig design and build has resulted in smooth and flawless 'First off' structure build.
There are pictures of the assembly and the bottom structure in the pdf.
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Post by Indranil »

Cross posting:

Setback for private defence industry. The future of the Future ICV project looks gloomy

This is sad indeed. I don't like to believe in conspiracy theories. But this one seems like a deliberate scuttling effort by vested interests. Lobbies know quite well that private companies can't stay invested for a very long time wihout any returns. By the way, what all places could an import order go to if this "make" effort fails?
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Post by suryag »

Confidence in building on Dhruv program spawns off LCH/LUH and if people above would have liked it IMRH. Dhruv is a shining example of how indigenization can be implemented and what its benefits could be. The production of LCA will do to fixed wing what the Dhruv did to rotary wing
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Post by Vipul »

HMT eyes Rs 1,000 crore turnover in next 5 years.

Public sector HMT is eyeing a turnover of Rs 1,000 crore in the next five years and plans to foray into aerospace and manufacture of weapons and missile components, a top company official today said.

The machine and tools maker is making components for various weapons prompting it to think of making weapons, mainly guns and rifles of various specifications, company's Managing Director M D Sreekumar told reporters here.

The company's order book was full this year with orders worth Rs 260 crore, he said adding another Rs 200 crore orders were expected by March 31 next year.

Of the Rs 260 crore worth orders, about Rs 90 crore worth orders were from the Defence sector, he said.

The company was also keen to associate with the proposed Kochi Metro project, said Sreekumar, here for the launch of HMT Machine Tools Ltd's SBCNC 80 - Slant Bed CNC Turning Center, considered the highest capacity offered in India by any indigenous machine tool manufacturers.

The first machine was handed over by Sreekumar to P S Veera Raghavan, Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, ISRO, Thiruvananthapuram, at a function held at HMT Machine Tool's unit at nearby Kalamassery.

The company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Bangalore-based HMT Ltd, has already bagged orders worth Rs 3.2 crore for the product from BHEL and BEML. The orders will be executed within another 2 months, a release said.

The new machine is designed exclusively for undertaking heavy jobs for heavy engineering industries, power sectors, aerospace and steel industries.

The Kalamassery unit was on the path to achieving a turnover of Rs 75 crores by the end of the current fiscal, targeting a growth of more than 15 per cent, it added.

The unit manufactures conventional and CNC lathes and single/multi-color offset printing machines and caters mainly to defence, Indian Railways and major auto manufacturers and the state governments.
SaiK
BRF Oldie
Posts: 36424
Joined: 29 Oct 2003 12:31
Location: NowHere

Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by SaiK »

so, drdo feels bad about tatra vehicle and delays.. what I am saying is essential needs must go through, though plugging the hole of scams and future scams should be on going effort. unfortunate that we have loop hole filled setup, and we love to have corrupted setup.

it is well known about all these, and it is the responsibility of defense sector to understand these loopholes, and make certain % of needs are bare minimum requirements. it should come under project management.

unless, of course i am the lone heart who bleeds for the nation, hearing such issues, i see the vast silence regarding this issue is not at bit surprising and regular chalta hai for everyone.. i think, we need to demand policies for procurement such that no corruption can hinder r&d and delivery, for minimum requirement levels.

so, minimum levels must be specified for all purchase as the basis for any action.
member_23677
BRFite
Posts: 153
Joined: 11 Aug 2016 06:14

Re: India's R&D in Defence DRDO, PSUs and Private Sector

Post by member_23677 »

SaiK wrote:so, drdo feels bad about tatra vehicle and delays.. what I am saying is essential needs must go through, though plugging the hole of scams and future scams should be on going effort. unfortunate that we have loop hole filled setup, and we love to have corrupted setup.

it is well known about all these, and it is the responsibility of defense sector to understand these loopholes, and make certain % of needs are bare minimum requirements. it should come under project management.

unless, of course i am the lone heart who bleeds for the nation, hearing such issues, i see the vast silence regarding this issue is not at bit surprising and regular chalta hai for everyone.. i think, we need to demand policies for procurement such that no corruption can hinder r&d and delivery, for minimum requirement levels.

so, minimum levels must be specified for all purchase as the basis for any action.
where did this whine come from now? :rotfl:
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