Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

The Military Issues & History Forum is a venue to discuss issues relating to the military aspects of the Indian Armed Forces, whether the past, present or future. We request members to kindly stay within the mandate of this forum and keep their exchanges of views, on a civilised level, however vehemently any disagreement may be felt. All feedback regarding forum usage may be sent to the moderators using the Feedback Form or by clicking the Report Post Icon in any objectionable post for proper action. Please note that the views expressed by the Members and Moderators on these discussion boards are that of the individuals only and do not reflect the official policy or view of the Bharat-Rakshak.com Website. Copyright Violation is strictly prohibited and may result in revocation of your posting rights - please read the FAQ for full details. Users must also abide by the Forum Guidelines at all times.
Post Reply
JTull
BRF Oldie
Posts: 3129
Joined: 18 Jul 2001 11:31

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by JTull »

Dubai Airshow Tejas Mk1 display videos

Tweet 1/3
Video

Tweet 2/3
Video

Tweet 3/3
Video
bala
BRF Oldie
Posts: 2016
Joined: 02 Sep 1999 11:31
Location: Office Lounge

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by bala »

Here is better video of Tejas MK1 at Dubai Airshow
via Aviation International News
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIxnDlpMOyg
MeshaVishwas
BRFite
Posts: 874
Joined: 16 Feb 2019 17:20

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by MeshaVishwas »

Liked this better as it has commentary.
Shameek
BRFite
Posts: 911
Joined: 02 Jan 2009 20:44
Location: Ionosphere

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Shameek »

HAL Ajeet - now that's a throwback. :!:
Ashokk
BRFite
Posts: 1123
Joined: 11 Aug 2016 06:14

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Ashokk »

Bhaskar_T
BRFite
Posts: 278
Joined: 13 Feb 2011 19:09

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Bhaskar_T »

What a surprise! Weapons from not so known company being integrated on Tejas! (When I read for the first time, I felt this was a click bait).

Link -- https://www.eurasiantimes.com/lca-tejas ... range/?amp
The world’s smallest and lightest supersonic fighter jet, LCA ‘Tejas’ (Brilliance), is all set to become deadlier. The feasibility studies have been completed to integrate the Al-Tariq long-range precision-guided munitions (LR-PGMs) on the Indian-made fighter jet.

Al Tariq-LR is a long-range (LR) precision-guided munition (PGM) manufactured by Al Tariq, part of the Weapons and Missiles business of EDGE Group, a state-owned defense conglomerate based in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Al Tariq-LR is part of the Al Tariq family of precision munition kits designed to convert unguided aerial munitions into high-precision, smart, longer-range, focused munitions using guidance and propulsion technologies. The Al Tariq family of precision munition kits also includes the standard range precision-guided munition.

The announcement was made on the sidelines of the Dubai Air Show and follows a Memorandum of Understand (MoU) signed earlier this year between Al-Tariq (a Joint Venture between EDGE and South African Denel) and Indian aerospace major Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).

The MoU aimed to integrate the AL TARIQ LR-PGM onto the HAL Tejas LCA and other platforms as part of their campaign to offer a long-range precision weapon solution to the region.

Theunis Botha, CEO of Al Tariq, said: “We are proud to be associated with HAL in this strategic campaign to offer high technology solutions to the Tejas customers in the region. We look forward to presenting the range of AL TARIQ’s mission-proven long-range precision-guided munitions to HAL Tejas customers around the globe.”

The AL TARIQ family of modular, all-weather, day/night LR-PGMs are designed to fit onto the Mark 80 series and the Indian-designed High-Speed Low Drag (HSLD) series of aerial munitions. Adding a wing kit converts the AL TARIQ-S (Standard Range) to the AL TARIQ-LR (Long Range), extending the stand-off range from 45km to 120km.

Full integration and qualification of AL TARIQ’s LR-PGMs on HAL’s Tejas LCA is expected to be completed in the third quarter of 2024.
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

Dubai Airshow 2023: Emirati weapons poised for integration on UAE's Rafale and India's Tejas fighter jets
https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air- ... ighter-je/

15 Nov 2023
Edge Group's Al Tariq has reached advanced stages of negotiations with the UAE Air Force for the integration of its weaponry onto the Dassault Rafale 4 fighter jets, while also exploring possibilities to equip India's Tejas Mk 1 with its technology.
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

ashishvikas wrote: 11 Nov 2023 10:05 IAF to deploy LCA at frontline fighter bases in western sector
https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-ne ... 17543.html
11 Nov 2023
https://x.com/rahulsinghx/status/172319 ... 20853?s=20 --->

Image

Image
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

VIDEO: https://x.com/IAF_MCC/status/1722970987157749969?s=20 ---> Flyboy doing what only Flyboys do...this time in Dubai.
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

All three airframes are from No 18 Flying Bullets Squadron - the second Tejas Mk1 squadron.

Pictures below are from Nov 09th...

https://x.com/lca_tejas_/status/1722667 ... 04057?s=20 --->

Image

Image
Avid
BRFite
Posts: 471
Joined: 21 Sep 2001 11:31
Location: Earth

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Avid »

LCA aerial display at Dubai

Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

Avid wrote: 17 Nov 2023 03:03 LCA aerial display at Dubai
Saar, the link does not work. Can you please post just the link? I will edit your post to put in the correct link code. Thanks.
Cybaru
BRF Oldie
Posts: 2932
Joined: 12 Jun 2000 11:31
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Cybaru »

https://x.com/CheckSix_Bison/status/172 ... 60674?s=20

for first page?
Ferry range with three drop tanks - excess of 900 miles.
Take off range - between 1500-2000 ft
Ashokk
BRFite
Posts: 1123
Joined: 11 Aug 2016 06:14

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Ashokk »

Tejas Flew Close To 1,400 KM In A Single Hop To Reach Dubai Air Show, IAF Group Captain Who Flew These Jets Reveals Its Capabilities
Showcasing its long-range capabilities, the Indian Air Force (IAF) flew Tejas Mk-1 jets close to 1,400 kilometres in a single hop from India to Al-Maktoum International Airport to participate in the Dubai Air Show.

This impressive display of long-range capability, positions the Tejas favorably for potential export opportunities.

Group Captain Dinesh 'Danny' Dhankhar, the commanding officer of the No. 18 Squadron 'Flying Bullets,' of which the Tejas jets that participated in the airshow belong, shared insights into the capabilities of the Tejas jets during an interview.

Ferry Range

Group Captain Dhankhar revealed that the Tejas, with three drop tanks, is able to fly a maximum distance of more than 900 miles or 1450 kilometres.
He said for this airshow, the squadron flew to Al Maktoum International airport, a distance of 850 miles (1,368 km) directly, without needing any air refueling.
This is significant since concerns were raised in various quarters about its maximum strike range owing to its small size. Notably, Tejas is the smallest single-engine jet in the world, in its class, measuring only 13.2 meters in length, with an 8.2-meter wingspan and 4.4 meters in height.

Take-Off Performance

Asked about the Tejas flying capabilities, Dhankhar said that Tejas is by design a highly lethal aircraft and has very nimble flying characteristics and take-off performance.
Expanding on its take-off performance, he said that the Tejas is capable of taking off from runways of 1,400 to 1,500 feet (457 to 609 meters) in length, which is the shortest in its class.

Indigenously Developed Fly-By-Wire (FBW) System

He added, "We are here to showcase its high rate of turn capability, as well as its high rate of climb performance."
The Group Captain credits its relaxed static stability and the indigenously designed fly-by-wire (FBW) controls for making the aircraft highly maneuverable and agile.
It is worth noting that the indigenously developed FBW software system so advanced that when it was tested in the United States on the F-16 Variable In-Flight Stability Test Aircraft (VISTA) testbed, it actually performed better in some flight regimes than with the F-16's own FBW software.
India indigenously started the development of the FBW system in the early to mid-90s. In 1992, India set up a dedicated National Control Law (CLAW) team under the National Aeronautics Laboratories (NAL) to develop the FBW software.
Since this type of futuristic control system had never been developed in India, and there were no simulators in India, the project team approached the United States weapons major 'Lockheed Martin' for design consultancy and testing.
However, India was sanctioned by the US following the Pokhran nuclear tests in 1998. This stopped the cooperation altogether. The Indian scientists, on the other hand, were able to develop the FBW system without any foreign help.
Finally, when the sanctions were lifted in 2001, and the FBW system was tested on the F-16 VISTA testbed, it was highly praised.
All the pilots who flew the F-16 testbed with Indian FBW praised the system, reportedly saying that the F-16 flew better than with its original control law in some flight regimes.

Tejas Jet Engines High Thrust

Dhankhar also states that the Tejas is capable of high rate of turn, as well as, its excess reserve of thrust makes it capable of undertaking high rate of climb.
The high thrust is provided by US-made General Electric (GE) F-404 IN20 jet engine, providing close to 85 kn of thrust.
Its aerodynamic design and compound delta platform with carefree handling provided by the engine make the aircraft capable of undertaking a high rate of roll even at lower speeds, he adds.

Man-Machine Interface

When asked about the man-machine interface of the aircraft, Group Captain Dhankhar states, "When it comes to man-machine interface, I think this is one of the best platforms."
"Initially when we inducted aircrew from Mig-21 background, we were thinking that they are going to take extra effort or extra time to settle down on the aircraft, but to our surprise, we realised that no extra effort was required. That was thanks to the man-machine interface" of the aircraft, the Group Captain states.
"We realised that the systems replicated as such on the multi-function display (MFD) in the cockpit, it's a fully glass cockpit, and it is very easy to decipher all the systems of the aircraft," he adds
Ashokk
BRFite
Posts: 1123
Joined: 11 Aug 2016 06:14

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Ashokk »

Rakesh wrote: 17 Nov 2023 04:17 Saar, the link does not work. Can you please post just the link? I will edit your post to put in the correct link code. Thanks.
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

Thank you Ashok
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

https://x.com/VinodDX9/status/1725529234263937046?s=20 ---> The first LCA TD1 was rolled out on this date in 1995! Here's a photo of the same during final assembly, by a French magazine.

Image
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

This video was released on 01 July 2023. Not sure if it was posted before.

Unleashing the TEJAS LCA | EXCLUSIVE Jaw-Dropping Air-to-Air Footage

Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

Just released video and a must watch for all jingos!

How TEJAS will change the GAME for IAF

Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

https://x.com/writetake/status/1726856365065564657?s=20 --->

"𝙈𝙮 𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙥𝙪𝙨𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙢𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝..."

Above words touched me & it is part of a long WA message I received from a top brain working with the Tejas program for decades. This individual is disheartened after getting overlooked by a system, which is accused of being biased and blind. There are hundreds who have been toiling silently behind this national project purely for the love for the machine and pride it gives.

IF only the system takes care of such unsung heroes...
IF only we could prevent them from being poached by competitors...
IF only we could keep them inspired...

To me, like the might of the machine, the morale of the men & women behind the project too is paramount.

After all, Tejas is the future of the IAF and pride of the nation. And, it always flies in our heart...

Image
JTull
BRF Oldie
Posts: 3129
Joined: 18 Jul 2001 11:31

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by JTull »

Rakesh wrote: 21 Nov 2023 20:15 https://x.com/writetake/status/1726856365065564657?s=20 --->

"𝙈𝙮 𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙥𝙪𝙨𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙢𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝..."

Above words touched me & it is part of a long WA message I received from a top brain working with the Tejas program for decades. This individual is disheartened after getting overlooked by a system, which is accused of being biased and blind. There are hundreds who have been toiling silently behind this national project purely for the love for the machine and pride it gives.
Anyone who's airing grievances in public (on WA) is opening doors to foreign espionage, perhaps without even knowing it.

I've no sympathy for such look-at-me idiots, as from childhood I've closely observed the dedicated ones spend their lives on "strategic" programmes, and are reticent even in retirement.

Our counter-espionage setup seems to be very weak in weeding out these attention seekers.
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

How PM Modi's sortie in Tejas signifies India's confidence in defence indigenisation
https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/how-p ... 32572.html
26 Nov 2023

By Air Marshal Anil Chopra (retd)
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

https://x.com/ang3lkenny/status/1730919 ... 79797?s=20 ---> Pic © ADA ASL taken in a seminar.

Image
Avid
BRFite
Posts: 471
Joined: 21 Sep 2001 11:31
Location: Earth

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Avid »

Rakesh wrote: 17 Nov 2023 04:17
Avid wrote: 17 Nov 2023 03:03 LCA aerial display at Dubai
Saar, the link does not work. Can you please post just the link? I will edit your post to put in the correct link code. Thanks.
So sorry Rakesh I missed this. Here's the full link (but I see it already posted above as well)

https://youtu.be/4owkriuLwHg?si=R1otcWMTm5827XEt
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

Good news! Hamara Tejas episodes are starting up again!

https://x.com/writetake/status/1737451496504176669?s=20 ---> So folks, the pending part of Hamara Tejas episodes will be released in the coming days. Stay tuned for the story of Flight Control Systems (FCS), Actuators and Dome Simulators that will be spread across 2-3 parts. Keep an eye on TMH channel on YT for this inspiring KH-AK show, targeted at youngsters.

Image
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

Rakesh wrote: 20 Dec 2023 20:33 Good news! Hamara Tejas episodes are starting up again!

https://x.com/writetake/status/1737451496504176669?s=20 ---> So folks, the pending part of Hamara Tejas episodes will be released in the coming days. Stay tuned for the story of Flight Control Systems (FCS), Actuators and Dome Simulators that will be spread across 2-3 parts. Keep an eye on TMH channel on YT for this inspiring KH-AK show, targeted at youngsters.
This episode has been added on the first post of this thread. Sub-titled as Episode 09.

Hamara Tejas: The inspiring story of Flight Control Systems

Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

Meet the ADE stars who developed high performance flight control actuators for LCA

Greetings! This is the second part of Flight Control Systems story from Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), a DRDO lab based out of Bengaluru. This episode comes to you as part of the Hamara Tejas extended series, spearheaded by Dr Kota Harinarayana. The two scientists featured in this video are from ADA -- K S Nagesh & Girish Dixit -- who were deputed to ADE to work on FCS while this shoot was done. In this episode shot in 2021, we get to you the story of the high performance flight control actuator facility at ADE. There could be another 2 more parts to this series that will fly out soon. Do ensure to share this with a young friend of yours, keen on developments in aerospace and defence. Please do leave your feedback as well. Thank You. Jai Hind!

bala
BRF Oldie
Posts: 2016
Joined: 02 Sep 1999 11:31
Location: Office Lounge

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by bala »

Meet the top brains behind the Full Mission Simulator set up for Tejas pilots at ADE



The Simulator is not just for training, it is a simulator for designing the aircraft. All simulations done for designing the aircraft is several orders of magnitude intricate compared to simulator for training. You are making a high fidelity simulator, which is effectively an order of magnitude better than the aircraft's hardware. The actual hardware on the aircraft is input (data) into the simulator. It is similar to testing a 1 Ghz chip, which requires the tester to be capable of operating at 1.2 Ghz or so. All scenarios for failures and success are simulated and the results of how the aircraft would respond are recorded. Tejas has many sensors and a computer for self healing despite flaws. This is outstanding work done by the team at ADE.
chetak
BRF Oldie
Posts: 32444
Joined: 16 May 2008 12:00

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by chetak »

Nostalgia: A bit of LCA history

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtD7UfbE2hY

Aug 13, 2014
The roundtable moved on to discuss the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) program, the DRDO development of a new fighter to be produced by HAL, and raised serious concerns on the impact of it's possible failure.


prahaar
BRF Oldie
Posts: 2832
Joined: 15 Oct 2005 04:14

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by prahaar »

Thanks for sharing this. The attitudes, the challenges, everything should be recorded and worked on for the subsequent programs. This is the discussion in public domain.
chetak
BRF Oldie
Posts: 32444
Joined: 16 May 2008 12:00

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by chetak »

prahaar wrote: 29 Dec 2023 14:13 Thanks for sharing this. The attitudes, the challenges, everything should be recorded and worked on for the subsequent programs. This is the discussion in public domain.
prahaar ji,

please do take a look at the kaveri thread also.

I have posted the same video there too but have highlighted a few things concerning the kaveri.
Cyrano
BRF Oldie
Posts: 5491
Joined: 28 Mar 2020 01:07

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Cyrano »

In Bangalore right now, going to HAL's air and space museum today. Will post some pics later...

It seems they have a simulator, hoping to get a ride in it :)
Cyrano
BRF Oldie
Posts: 5491
Joined: 28 Mar 2020 01:07

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Cyrano »

Simulator out of order :(
putnanja
BRF Oldie
Posts: 4668
Joined: 26 Mar 2002 12:31
Location: searching for the next al-qaida #3

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by putnanja »

The final episode, short one with Dr Kota flying the simulator shown for couple of minutes.

Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

Link below to all 12 episodes. All these episodes have also been added to the first post of this thread. Episode 1 in the link below is incorrect, but easy to find on YouTube.

https://x.com/writetake/status/1740958582840144024?s=20 ---> #HamaraTejas. In case you missed any. All episodes below.

Image
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

Tejas Becomes More Indegenous: Digitronics to Provide DC-DC Converters and EMI Filters For Tejas Mk1
https://defence.in/threads/tejas-become ... -mk1.2438/
19 January 2024
titash
BRFite
Posts: 619
Joined: 26 Aug 2011 18:44

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by titash »

Folks - any idea on how many of the Tejas Mk1 Trainers have been delivered or in process of being delivered?
Aditya_V
BRF Oldie
Posts: 14362
Joined: 05 Apr 2006 16:25

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Aditya_V »

I think 1st was delivered yo IAF in Oct 23 and 8 of the earlier 40 order will be delivered by Mar 24. Then 10 part of 83 order will be delivered by 26-27
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

https://x.com/officialTatya_1/status/17 ... 32703?s=20 ---> LCA Tejas in air combat exercises so far. The previous year was good, I hope this year will be better.

Image
Rakesh
Forum Moderator
Posts: 18426
Joined: 15 Jan 2004 12:31
Location: Planet Earth
Contact:

Re: Air Force Tejas Mk1: News & Discussions: 02 January 2022

Post by Rakesh »

https://x.com/Duorope/status/1755555875023204515?s=20 ---> LCA Tejas Mk1 armed with Griffin Laser Guided Bomb during ongoing Exercise Vayushakti24.

Image
Post Reply