States News and Discussions

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Sachin
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by Sachin »

Virupaksha wrote:What are the business and industrial communities of Kerala in british India?
Kerala during the British days was any ways never one single state. It was two kingdoms and a large territory which was just a district (Malabar) in the Madras Presidency. The business communities most probably would be (Keralite) Christians and perhaps the Thiyyas/Ezhavas. The so-called upper castes generally spent a lot of energy on agriculture. Many possessed large swathes of land, and one feudal land-lord pretty much could give employments to families of entire villages.

May be other veterans like Bade, hnair can bring in more clarity here..
Bade wrote:Even the migrants to Sri Lanka and Malaysia were mainly in vocations related to agriculture I believe. I cannot think of any large scale industry other than the plantations (tea) in the hills
At least from what I have heard from the stories told by elders in my clan. It was mainly poor economic conditions which forced people to move from their villages to Penang, Ceylon etc. But all of them seems to have landed up in a better position there. For example I have not heard any stories of large groups of Keralites from villages going as "indentured labour" (like Plantation Tamils in Sri Lanka). Most of the individuals seems to have found "individual contributor" roles (running a tea-shop, clerks in the estates, running small shops) in their host country. Which makes me also think, whether even during those days literacy was given due importance in the regions of Kerala. Which even during those days helped them to make a slightly better life abroad.
Another way to look at it in KL context, is when feudalism broke down (which was the biggest industry) there was no replacement for it in place already...
Any clue you have on the "self-sufficiency" factor in the regions of KL during the days of the Raj? One thing we hear often these days is how KL has become a complete "consumer state", with even its own variety of rice now coming from AP, and vegetables from KA and TN. I don't think this happened earlier, as such heavy trade may not be possible during those days. May be a few items like coffee, jaggery etc. could have been brought from other areas.

Another story I have heard (cannot vouch for its authenticity). When the communists planned to do land reforms, a communist leader (a Christian - who had more practical wisdom to be frank) had advised EMS Namboodirippad to go ahead and seize the surplus land. But instead of distributing it as peacemeal to all and sundry encourage the earlier workers to form up a co-operative society and then continue with the farming. That leader perhaps had the vision to see that agriculture is still important, and land just cannot be given away to every one. But Namboodirippad had other thoughts.
prahaar
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by prahaar »

Maharashtra to launch infra projects worth Rs 73,367 cr in 2016. Sets an ambitious target of commissioning these by 2019.

The headline is slightly misleading since all of the above is invested in the Great Mumbai region. Is there commensurate investment happening in other parts of the state?

http://www.business-standard.com/articl ... 539_1.html

I hope this is not CBN's repeat in MH, where all the resources are being in a small geographical region, leaving the under developed parts to fend for themselves.
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by Supratik »

I believe you are from MH. Why don't you tell us if it is too focused on Mumbai. As an outsider that seems to be the case to me too.
OTOH cost will go up in Mumbai faster than rest of MH if things get delayed. So may be it is understandable given the limitations of money.
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by KLP Dubey »

Virupaksha wrote:To stop the communists, my amateur analysis says that a local business elite is needed to oppose them. This elite actively try to destroy the us vs them narrative which the communists spin.

What are the business and industrial communities of Kerala in british India?
The role of vaishyas was mainly played by Syrian Xers and Tamil Chettiars.
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by svenkat »

X posted
http://swarajyamag.com/biz/farms-to-factories-how-coimbatores-economy-was-transformed-by-entrepreneurship/
Entrepreneurship in and around Coimbatore is a fascinating story of the region’s transformation where rural farmers built a diversified and relatively prosperous economy.
Chinnu Senthilkumar is a Partner & CTO in Exfinity VC fund. Chinnu held senior Management roles in Intel, SanDisk in US and India and holds 9 US patents.
This author hails from a rural agricultural background and would like to highlight the successful example of Coimbatore and its surrounding Districts aka the ‘Kongu’ region of Tamil Nadu in this regard.

Coimbatore and its surrounding districts, located in the western parts of Tamil Nadu, are known for their entrepreneurship and have distinguished themselves in multiple SME sectors ranging from Engineering machinery, Electric Pumps, Textiles, Trucking, Poultry, Sabudana production etc. This directly contributes almost 40% to the state’s GDP and is estimated to be around USD 140 Billion. Unlike Tier–II economic clusters like NCR region, Pune etc. which leverage their physical proximity to the country’s biggest economic and political hubs like Delhi and Mumbai respectively, Tamil Nadu’s western districts practically grew its economy on its own!

In FY 2015, Tirupur’s textile cluster, located in a drought-prone area managed to export about USD 5 Billion worth of knitwear products! Two-thirds of India’s requirement of Electric motors and pumps are manufactured in Coimbatore. Namakkal and neighbouring districts have managed a share of 20% in India’s total egg production and have even started exporting to Middle-Eastern countries.

Sabudana, used in a variety of dishes such as desserts like kheer, khichdi, vada or used as a food on days of fasting (vrat-upwas), traces its history to Salem’s cottage industry as early as the 1930s and ’40s and today 70% of India’s Sago processing happens in Mills around the Salem District.

The greater point is that over the last 60-70 years, rural farmers of western Tamil Nadu took up entrepreneurship and skillfully graduated from producing raw agricultural goods to producing finished processed goods and in the process moved up the economic value chain. Over time, determined entrepreneurs predominantly from the farming community successfully forayed into other non-agri sectors, forming a well diversified Tier-II/III economic cluster in the region which can withstand global economic fluctuations and unpredictable monsoons.


As a result, though Tamil Nadu’s western districts are located in a drought-prone region, farmer suicides reported from this region are relatively less compared to regions like Vidarbha, Bundelkhand etc.

In 1960-70s Tamilians were migrating to big metros like Mumbai, Delhi in search of job opportunities ranging from clerical to manual labourers. But today in a reversal trend Tamil Nadu has a fairly large inbound migrant population, estimated to be over 10 lakhs, mainly employed in the state’s western region. These migrant workers hailing from Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and even Nepal, work in small engineering ancillary units, Lorry bodybuilding units, hosieries, roadside eateries as well as fancy city restaurants, as security guards and even farmhands. Tamil Nadu’s western districts are the most sought after places for employment opportunities.

Entrepreneurship around Coimbatore districts is a fascinating story as to how entrepreneurship can transform a region, and how such spirit of entrepreneurship is generated. Of course, perils are associated with economic growth like anywhere else and require a judicious balancing between economic growth and environmental sustainability.


The tradition of business and entrepreneurship in the Coimbatore belt evolved over a period of last two hundred years, reached its pinnacle in the ’50s and ’60s, thanks to the late Chief Minister K Kamaraj. Kamaraj and his able Cabinet Ministers R Venkatraman and C Subramanian laid the foundation for Tamil Nadu’s Tier–II/III economic clusters, even before these terms were coined. Thanks to their vision, Tamil Nadu enjoys a healthy economic activity in Tier-II/III cities like Coimbatore and Trichy absorbing rural youths into the economic mainstream and offering non-agri opportunities.
While IT industry boom and economic liberalization initiated in the ’90s benefitted big metros, the Tier-II/III cities were left out of the economic growth story widening the urban-rural inequality. We may not want mass migration of rural farmers into big metros in search of jobs and creating further slums, perhaps Tier-II/III cities centered economic growth offer better alternatives for the rural population.

Once the spirit of entrepreneurship enters the living traditions of the people, then it is only a matter of expansion and diversification into related and even different areas of economic activities.

Our policy planners may want to study Coimbatore region’s success story where rural farmers built a diversified and relatively prosperous economy over a period of last 50 years and may consider implementing the success elsewhere to alleviate India’s rural issues!
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by Vipul »

Driven by IT sector, Karnataka is country’s top job creator.


Karnataka has been ranked as the country’s top job creating state with over 24 per cent share during the fourth quarter of the last fiscal, according to a study.

It is followed by Maharashtra (23 per cent) and Tamil Nadu (10.5 per cent), said the study by Assocham.

Information technology (IT) sector created about 57 per cent of about nine lakh job openings recorded between January-March, 2016, followed by services (19 per cent) and manufacturing (11 per cent), according to the report.

Banking, financial services and insurance (BFSI) sector accounted for just over eight per cent share followed by construction and real estate (3.5 per cent share).

Within Karnataka, ITEs accounted for over 65 per cent share in job openings across the state followed by services (16 per cent), manufacturing (eight per cent), BFSI (six per cent) and construction and real estate sector (2.5 per cent).

The Assocham Economic Research Bureau (AERB) had analysed the data sourced primarily from vacancies posted by companies via various job portals together with advertisements offering employment opportunities published in national and regional dailies across India.

Karnataka had recorded 2.16 lakh job openings in the first quarter of the last fiscal followed by Maharashtra (two lakh), Tamil Nadu (93,000), Andhra Pradesh and Telangana region combined (82,000) and Haryana (72,000).

Sector-wise, Karnataka leads in terms of job openings in ITES sector with 28 per cent share in over five lakh jobs created by the sector followed by Maharashtra (20.5 per cent), Tamil Nadu (11 per cent), Andhra Pradesh-Telangana (10 per cent) and Uttar Pradesh (eight per cent), it said.

Services sector recorded 1.69 lakh jobs in January-March quarter of 2015-16 with Maharashtra accounting for the “lion’s share” of about 24 per cent followed by Karnataka (21 per cent), Haryana (8.4 per cent), Uttar Pradesh (8.2 per cent) and Andhra Pradesh-Telangana (8.1 per cent).

In manufacturing sector, Maharashtra has recorded highest share with 22.5 per cent in over 99,000 job openings, followed by Karnataka (19 per cent), Tamil Nadu (12 per cent), Andhra Pradesh-Telangana (nine per cent) and Gujarat (eight per cent).

Maharashtra also topped with highest share in job openings recorded in BFSI and construction and real estate with a share of about 31 per cent in both sectors each, while Karnataka followed with a share of 18 per cent and 17 per cent respectively, it added.
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by svenkat »

http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-emerging-as-a-preferred-it-destination/article9339671.ece

Image
After the December deluge, Chennai’s loss seems to be the gain of Manchester of South India

For a sector that has struggled to get a foothold in the city for almost two decades now, it looks like finally, the IT and ITeS firms, big and small, have embraced Coimbatore as a destination.

It looks like the floods that devastated Chennai last December seems to have helped Coimbatore finally realise its IT dream. For, in the last 12 months, about two lakh sq.ft of built-up IT space in the city was taken up by the sector.

Apart from vacant land available at the IT parks for development, Coimbatore has totally 3.6 million sq.ft of built-up IT space. Of this, nearly 1.4 million sq.ft is in special economic zones, which includes the Tidel Park and two private IT parks.

In October-November last year, nearly eight lakh sq.ft was vacant and that has reduced to six lakh sq.ft., with hardly any space available at the shared facilities at the IT parks.

The demand for space started going up in January-February for a variety of reasons, as multiple companies exploring the possibility of setting shop here. “Those who would have gone to Chennai or were looking for a location in Tamil Nadu for expansion, began looking at Coimbatore after the Chennai floods,” says Ashok Bakthavatsalam, director of CHIL SEZ.

100 % occupancy

The Coimbatore Tidel Park, commissioned in 2010, has achieved 100 per cent occupancy this year with more than 60 companies operating from it and employing nearly 9,000 people. This includes multi-national companies, start-ups and SMEs. “Enquiries started going up especially after the floods in Chennai last year,” says an official of Tidel Park.

Though IT companies were operating in the city even in the last 1990s, the real thrust came with the development of the CHIL SEZ about 10 years ago. With the Coimbatore Tidel Park, the city got the required visibility. Yet, there were issues such as international connectivity and social infrastructure that were seen as challenges for the growth of the IT sector.

Despite these problems, there has been an uptrend in interest shown by IT and ITES firms. Some of the reasons are availability of technical manpower and challenges faced by companies in cities such as Chennai and Bengaluru.

“Coimbatore has arrived. It has come into the list of happening cities, thanks to the manpower advantage, availability of technology, and the entire ecosystem for growth of the IT and ITES sector,” says K. Purushothaman, senior director, NASSCOM.

Embedded technology talent is high in the city, he says. Last year, it used to be business process outsourcing companies that were looking for space here. This year, it is more of IT support companies, says a leading property consultant. IT and ITES firms in the e-commerce, engineering, internet and start-up space are those exploring opportunities in Coimbatore.

Colleges in the western districts contribute 40 per cent of candidates recruited by IT companies in the State. Further, the retention level is relatively better in Coimbatore, point out industry sources. There are infrastructural problems in cities such as Bengaluru. Space availability is coming down in the larger cities and the cost for IT space is also high in these cities, they add. “Even if I am near an IT park and it is visible from the road, it takes an hour for me to get into the park because of traffic issues,” says S. Prashanth of Quadra Systems.

Now, annual software exports from Coimbatore are said to be over Rs. 6,000 crore. According to data available on the website of MEPZ Special Economic Zone, over Rs. 3,400 crore was the software exports from just the Elcot SEZ at Vilankurichi and CHIL SEZ in 2015-2016.

Low attrition level

Robert Bosch Engineering and Business Solution, which started its Coimbatore operations 10 years ago in Coimbatore, now operates out of three locations and employs more than 6000 people. “Our industry depends on people and the knowledge of people. Candidates from Coimbatore look for stable jobs and attrition level is relatively low. Further, we get people from other industries too. We also have managers who are from Coimbatore, have worked in other cities and wanted to come back to the city,” says T.V. Sriram, centre head, Robert Bosch Engineering and Business Solution.

With higher growth of the IT and ITES sector, Coimbatore is expected to witness faster development of social and infrastructure. And it is already in the list of Smart Cities.
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by Bart S »

What's the deal with KA and 100% reservations for 'Kannadigas' ...the KA govt is shooting itself in the foot, probably a cheap attempt at electoral politics at the expense of the economy.
http://www.firstpost.com/politics/kanna ... 70092.html

But what I found most interesting was this:
When we also note that the proposed amendment is applicable to the private sector across the state, it is curious why the Siddaramaiah government feels the need for such thoughtless protectionism in a state that comprises 72 per cent of Kannadigas. Or does the seasoned politician that he is, giving in to pressure groups? Part of the answer lies in this candid admission by an official in the labour department:

We did not want to invite a problem with the powerful IT-BT lobby at this point in time. Let's first implement this reservation and then take on the IT-BT vertical later,

In other words, this amendment is a way to test waters, to gauge the nature and extent of the backlash from the private sector.
Looks like they have a plan to shoot themselves in the head as well, later.

This is only going to benefit TN, AP/TL and MAH. All they need to do is resist the temptation to copy KA :twisted:
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by kvraghav »

The way Bangalore got screwed, all state govt will put a rider of min 50% for local residents is what I feel. Bangalore is really a case study.
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by schinnas »

Most new IT companies are opting out of Bangalore. This is good news for Bangaloreans as the population will reduce and the city will become liveable again.

I like Karnataka CM's strategy. If you cannot improve infrastructure, make it a worse place to do business and thus reduce the need for infrastructure. What a strategy.
arshyam
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by arshyam »

schinnas wrote:I like Karnataka CM's strategy. If you cannot improve infrastructure, make it a worse place to do business and thus reduce the need for infrastructure. What a strategy.
^^ :lol:. Seems to be a cultural thing for the Congress. They did the same thing w.r.t. education and RTI.

A relevant article in Swarajya: http://swarajyamag.com/politics/jobs-fo ... t-approach
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by kvraghav »

Bangalore population went from 60 lakhs to 1.15 crores in 10 years. Any old city you can think of with such a rise but still liveable?
svenkat
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by svenkat »

http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/%E2%80%98To-preserve-native-breeds-jallikattu-is-not-enough%E2%80%99/article17075039.ece
They need access to water, forests for grazing, say experts

People who work in animal bio-diversity sphere, scientists, activists and farmers agree in varying degrees that jallikattu could play a role in conserving natural breeds. But they argue that the larger picture of threat faced by native breeds eludes attention.

P.Vivekanandan, Executive Director of SEVA, a Madurai-based organisation that works for the conservation of native breeds, said the bulls engaged in jallikattu could be sold for a higher price and that could be an incentive for the person who reared them. The sport played a marginal role in conservation of the breed. However, issues such as denial of access to water and forests for grazing, were crucial. Cattle had a symbiotic relationship with forests but the forest department would not want to allow them in, he said.

V. Arivudai Nambi, a bio diversity expert and a former member of Tamil Nadu State Bio Diversity Board, said ‘Kangeyam’ was one of the best varieties of cattle. Its conservation depended on the maintenance of Korangadu Silvi Pastoral Region in mid west Tamil Nadu. The relationship of Korangadu and Kangeyam was inseparable, he said.

Minimal needs


The native breeds required less water, could withstand higher temperature and had a low basal metabolic rate. They, therefore, required less food and could sustain on food that was not required by man. However, their milk had poly unsaturated fat, a factor known to lead to metabolic disorders, Mr. Nambi said.

Previously, cattle were used for tilling, pulling carts, and giving milk. Since machines replaced them in some of these activities, and as their milk production was comparatively less than that of hybrid varieties jallikattu seemed to be the last relevance these breeds had.

However, there were other big tasks in their conservation, he said. The Bargur variety faced threat as it relied on grazing in forests whose access had been denied to it. Umbalachery faced threat as its natural tracts and grazing lands had been encroached upon. And the Kangeyam’s water sources were polluted by industry. “India is a repository of domesticated animal bio-diversity and we have 7.75 per cent of world’s total animal breeds. But we lost many valuable breeds. Some of the finer strains of the Kangeyam are with Brazil now. They are crossing them with some other varieties to increase meat production,” Mr. Nambi said. The value of animal genetic resources went beyond their current use. A breed that was of little significance now may be extremely valuable in the future, and hence the need to protect it, he added.

P.T.Rajendran, an innovative farmer, based in Kalasapakkam in Tiruvannamalai, said jallikattu may have symbolic importance in preservation of native breeds. “Native breeds have several advantages than the hybrid varieties. Native breeds can reproduce about 10 times in their life time, whereas hybrid varieties could yield calves only about 3-4 times. Native breeds would graze as a herd and insemination is easier. When it comes to cattle policy, rulers want to see them only as a source of milk. But in the agricultural economy they have multiple uses,” he added.
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by svenkat »

http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Timely-intelligence-could-have-averted-embarrassment/article17079594.ece
The embarrassment faced by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister O. Panneerselvam in Madurai on Sunday where the prevailing hostile atmosphere prevented him from inaugurating the jallikattu in Alanganallur could have possibly been avoided had the State Intelligence gauged the mood of the people better, it is felt.

According to police sources, the way the jallikattu protest was handled by the Madurai district police on January 16 triggered instant protests. There were arrests and mild lathi charge against a group of people that led to resentment among the locals who came back with more vigour to intensify their protest the next day. By the time the intelligence machinery could make any assessment of the possible repercussions, lakhs of people, including women and children, had already stormed the Marina Beach in Chennai and other places of agitations across the State.

Even on Saturday evening when Mr. Panneerselvam declared that he would inaugurate jallikattu at Alanganallur in Madurai on Sunday, it was quite obvious that there was hardly any possibility for conducting the event. “Protesters all over were opposed to any interim arrangement and wanted a permanent solution for the traditional bull-taming event. The Chief Minister was given an impression that talks were on with the local people and jallikattu could be held on Sunday morning. But the facts were contrary to the assessment...all roads leading to the venue were blocked by protesters on Saturday night,” a senior police officer said.

The unprecedented and simultaneous gathering of a huge number of people from various walks of life in Chennai, Coimbatore, Tiruchi, Madurai, Tirunelveli and other places for a common cause caught police unawares. Braving inclement weather conditions, the people stuck to their demand for reclaiming jallikattu unconditionally with all its glory and pride.

Though there were reports of some extremist and Tamil chauvinist outfits making their way into the crowds, the police deployed at the venues had no idea who was coordinating, how the messages were spreading and the source of supplies like food and water. While police were looking for organisers or social media managers in different parts of the State, at least two lakh people gathered right in front of the State Police Headquarters in Chennai.

Caught by surprise


The Special Branch-Criminal Investigation Department (SB-CID), which is primarily responsible for gathering intelligence, was completely taken aback by the sheer magnitude of the protests.

When the State government was keen on ensuring that jallikattu was not held at any place at any cost marking the Pongal festival, since it would invite the wrath of the Supreme Court, the plans devised by the protesters on Facebook and WhatsApp and other forms went unnoticed, a senior police officer said.

On the second day too (January 17), the police machinery was not sure about who was behind the protesters. While the government was initially informed that its political opponents could have triggered the protest, it was subsequently proved wrong when the protesters turned away all politicians from the venues.


In Alanganallur, police in plainclothes were clueless as none of the names of the protesters were known to them. The SB-CID police officers in southern districts said that prior to conduct of any agitations, the organisers would seek permission from the jurisdiction police. After getting the nod, adequate police strength would be deployed. This time, the police had very little knowledge about social media as such.

Admitting that staff shortage at field level was a major handicap, the officers said that the protest was a new experience for the intelligence police. Adding to the embarrassment was the participation of some police constables in the protests.
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by ramana »

X-Post.. Can't find the UP monitoring thread...
jamwal wrote:Image
prahaar
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by prahaar »

Gujarat state travel report.

Patidar agitation expected to start in another 10 days. Heard from a taxi driver. People are expecting dirty tricks to pick up in Gujarat. People in Gujarat are considering next elections as a hard test for Modi (ijjat no sawaal chhe). BJP not yet in campaign mode, saw one poster and one car with Congress sticker. Not sure how to interpret this.

Prosperity (compared to past) and progress in urban centers is quite visible. Erstwhile single lane roads have become 4 lane and some in progress. No, not everything is great. Drainage during heavy rains is poor, exasperated by the new trend of putting concrete on every inch of ground without putting drain channels underneath.

An important barometer of free movement of women, Vadodara and Ahmedabad seem to be doing well. Paytm/Card-accepted/etc. boards are quite widespread. People are discouraged by some POS device commission or bank commision of 28 rupees per 500.
komal
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by komal »

Whither Tamil Nad?

Would appreciate an insights/links that indicate the extent of economic damage being done there by the existing state government. Is the state in danger of being de-industrialized like WB?

Is there no alternative/solution to DMK/AIDMK corruption?
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by Yagnasri »

From what I have seen ( this is 4 years back) power position of TN was very bad. Huge power cuts. JJ did try to bring it back to normalcy. But not fully successful. I hear power cuts are still there. Chennai is losing some industries to Sri City (Nellore District AP) and some business to Krishnapatname port.
Aditya_V
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by Aditya_V »

Power situation inspite of Kudakundalam failing is pretty good in Chennai, one thing Amma did was to have power cut or full power, in 2008-11 period DMK used to give power at 170 volts. So techinically no power cut, but nothing will run on it.
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by Cosmo_R »

Heartless Delhi
"In August 2016, a 40-year-old e-rickshaw driver was hit by a tempo in west Delhi’s Subhash Nagar. He lay on the road for 90 minutes but no one came to his aid. In fact, a CCTV grab later showed a man walking up to the grievously wounded man only to steal his mobile phone.

I wonder what explanation the gawking Indians could give for their inane ‘inhumanity’ and total lack of empathy.

Given our past experiences with police and courts, many of us think it is prudent to stay clear of trouble, including accident sites and victims. But the excuse is no more valid. Last year, the Supreme Court approved the guidelines issued by the Centre for the protection of Good Samaritans at the hands of police or any other authority. Under the new law, people who volunteer to help victims can no more be harassed by the authorities.

Since standing by and watching a person die is no less a crime, it’s perhaps time that the Good Samaritan law have punitive provisions for ‘Bad Samaritans’: people who do nothing to help a dying person.

http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-new ... pQRUN.html

Glad to note that they have passed the good Samaritan law. But does anyone know about it? Also, I suspect given our transactional relationships, rather than 'punishing bad samaritans', perhaps we should consider cash 'bounties' for people who get the victim to an emergency ward and he/she survives the night with valuables intact. This of course, paves the way for 1001 scams.

We are not a caring people. For all it's warts, the US will produce extraordinary (and reflexive) acts of individual selflessness that involve trying to save others including animals at great personal danger.

We were different once in the 1950s.
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by fanne »

In fact Dharma says inaction when you can make a difference is a crime. Both Drona and Bhisma were punished for that (individually both great people), but they did not raise their voice when Draupadi was being disrobed. Krishna says as such to them. If you can make a difference and choose to just see (and there is no other reason stopping you, like its a bomb blast and you are afraid there is another one to trap the responder), you are at fault. As a country that knows the subtleness of Dharma, we should inact this law.
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by chetak »

Sachin wrote:
Virupaksha wrote:What are the business and industrial communities of Kerala in british India?
Kerala during the British days was any ways never one single state. It was two kingdoms and a large territory which was just a district (Malabar) in the Madras Presidency. The business communities most probably would be (Keralite) Christians and perhaps the Thiyyas/Ezhavas. The so-called upper castes generally spent a lot of energy on agriculture. Many possessed large swathes of land, and one feudal land-lord pretty much could give employments to families of entire villages.

May be other veterans like Bade, hnair can bring in more clarity here..
Bade wrote:Even the migrants to Sri Lanka and Malaysia were mainly in vocations related to agriculture I believe. I cannot think of any large scale industry other than the plantations (tea) in the hills
At least from what I have heard from the stories told by elders in my clan. It was mainly poor economic conditions which forced people to move from their villages to Penang, Ceylon etc. But all of them seems to have landed up in a better position there. For example I have not heard any stories of large groups of Keralites from villages going as "indentured labour" (like Plantation Tamils in Sri Lanka). Most of the individuals seems to have found "individual contributor" roles (running a tea-shop, clerks in the estates, running small shops) in their host country. Which makes me also think, whether even during those days literacy was given due importance in the regions of Kerala. Which even during those days helped them to make a slightly better life abroad.
Another way to look at it in KL context, is when feudalism broke down (which was the biggest industry) there was no replacement for it in place already...
Any clue you have on the "self-sufficiency" factor in the regions of KL during the days of the Raj? One thing we hear often these days is how KL has become a complete "consumer state", with even its own variety of rice now coming from AP, and vegetables from KA and TN. I don't think this happened earlier, as such heavy trade may not be possible during those days. May be a few items like coffee, jaggery etc. could have been brought from other areas.

Another story I have heard (cannot vouch for its authenticity). When the communists planned to do land reforms, a communist leader (a Christian - who had more practical wisdom to be frank) had advised EMS Namboodirippad to go ahead and seize the surplus land. But instead of distributing it as peacemeal to all and sundry encourage the earlier workers to form up a co-operative society and then continue with the farming. That leader perhaps had the vision to see that agriculture is still important, and land just cannot be given away to every one. But Namboodirippad had other thoughts.
weren't there some specific families who collaborated with the british and got huge land grants in return?? Some of them have established rubber, tea and other plantations on such lands and these are rich xtian families who, also, leading up to the independence, grabbed even more land??
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by Sachin »

chetak wrote:weren't there some specific families who collaborated with the british and got huge land grants in return?? Some of them have established rubber, tea and other plantations on such lands and these are rich xtian families who, also, leading up to the independence, grabbed even more land??
This may not be entirely true. Kerala of today was in three parts; the North part of Madras Presidency and the Central & Southern part were kingdoms. X'ians were not have much clout in the the northern areas. In the two kingdoms there were sizeable Christian communities, but they did not have any undue influence on the kings (who were Hindus). The kings had "Residents" who were British (and X'ians), but when it comes to the local rules on the society the British generally allowed the kings good freedom. And in the history of those kingdoms, I have not found any stories of X'ians who collaborated with the British. There was no question of collaboration; as the British did not want to take over Travancore or Cochin and rule it directly.

Travancore (especially when C.P Ramaswamy Iyer was the Divan) was very hostile towards the X'ians. He deliberately caused one of the big banks run by Christians (Malayala Manorama group's ancestors were its owners) to go bankrupt. Many of his policies were highly discriminatory. And this kind of forced the X'ians to try making a living in the hilly tracts of Kerala which was pretty much uninhabited forests. Out of sheer necessity they had to go and settle down in that place. Many such families decided to get out of Travancore and Cochin and moved into the hilly tracts of British Malabar (Wayanad & Kannur districts of today). They were all known as "കുടിയേറ്റ കർഷകർ” (immigrant farmers). They took these forest lands on lease from the land lords who were from the plains, and was least bit bothered about all this. And then they really toiled hard to make a living.

The encroachment started only after post-Independence, and most likely after Kerala became a state. The X'ians who owned land in the hilly areas were smart to realize that rubber was the next "in thing". And they cultivated rubber in large areas. As a community X'ians always had good focus on education, and with that they also could reach to the top echelons of the bureaucracy. So in a way it was the positive outlook to education+hard work (to get a job or agriculture)+good business sense; which made the community come up as a group.
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India’s BIMARU states developing but not catching up.

There’s very little evidence of convergence on social indicators among Indian states, new data on health, education and access to basic amenities between 1998-99 and 2015-16 shows. Over nearly two decades, the “BIMARU” states have remained at the bottom, while Kerala, Punjab, Goa and Delhi remain at the top. Bihar has remained India’s poorest state over the period.

The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is a relatively new composite index that seeks to fix some of the conceptual and statistical problems with United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) widely used Human Development Index (HDI). One major criticism of the HDI was that it is too strongly determined by its income component.

The MPI, created by Sabina Alkire and James Foster of the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, uses 10 indicators to measure poverty in three dimensions: education, health and living standards. If an individual is deprived in a third or more of ten weighted indicators, the index identifies them as poor, and the intensity of their poverty is measured by the number of deprivations they are experiencing.

In its 2018 update, India’s MPI index in 2018 was 0.121, placing it 53rd out of 105 developing countries for which data was available. Poor nutrition was the largest contributor to India’s multidimensional poverty while insufficient access to clean water and child mortality contributed the least. Relatively few people experienced deprivations in school attendance.

The number represented a vast improvement since 2005-06, the last time India made nationally representative health data available; since then, the incidence of multidimensional poverty has nearly halved with the poorest groups making the biggest leaps.

Yet, there are pockets of sub-Saharan poverty in India, and its poorest district (Alirajpur in Madhya Pradesh) has an MPI value worse than all but eight countries. Save for five (two in Gujarat and one each in Maharashtra, Assam and Haryana), all of the poorest 50 districts in the country are in the erstwhile BIMARU states—Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh—and 91 of the poorest 100 are concentrated in these seven states.

Prior to state elections these states, political leaders have sought to claim that because of their leadership, their state is no longer “BIMARU”.

While campaigning for Bihar in 2015 against the Janata Dal (United), or JDU, alliance, Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared that Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh were no longer “BIMARU” and Bihar needed the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Both Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan’s chief ministers are currently campaigning on their states no longer being “BIMARU”.

Coined in the early 1980s by demographer Ashish Bose, the acronym was used for the northern states contributing significantly to India’s population explosion. In 2015, economist Vinita Sharma updated Bose’s analysis and found that while states had made progress individually, they had not converged with the southern states; in fact on half of the 13 indicators used in Bose’s analysis, they had diverged.

From 1998-99 to 2015-16, Bihar remained India’s multidimensionally poorest state. While Odisha was next to Bihar at the bottom in the late 1990s, it has improved significantly over the last two decades. In the same time, Madhya Pradesh (and later Chhattisgarh) and Uttar Pradesh joined Bihar (and later Jharkhand) at the bottom. Between them, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have over 320 million multidimensionally poor people. Over half the population in Bihar, and over 40% in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are multidimensionally poor.

At the other end, just 1% of people in Kerala, and between 4 to 7% in Delhi, Punjab, Goa, Sikkim and Tamil Nadu are multidimensionally poor. The richest Indian states now resemble upper middle income countries like Jordan, Brazil, and Thailand in terms of multidimensional poverty.

Nor is there evidence that states are converging in terms of indicators or outcomes. The states with the highest reductions in their index values were the ones that were already better off, making real convergence that much further off. Kerala reduced its already-low levels of multidimensional poverty by 92%, the highest of any states, while Bihar was again at the bottom at 45%.
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Re: States News and Discussions

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At 96.2%, Kerala tops literacy rate chart; Andhra Pradesh worst performer at 66.4%

With 96.2 per cent literacy, Kerala has once again emerged as the most literate state in the country, while Andhra Pradesh featured at the bottom with a rate of 66.4 per cent, showed a report based on National Statistical Oice (NSO) survey. The report on 'Household Social Consumption: Education in India as part of 75th round of National Sample Survey - from July 2017 to June 2018' provides for state-wise detail of literacy rate among the persons aged seven years and above.

According to the study, after Kerala, Delhi has the best literacy rate at 88.7 per cent, followed by Uttarkhand's 87.6 per cent, Himachal Pradesh's 86.6 per cent and Assam's at 85.9 per cent.

On the other hand, Rajasthan is the second worst performer with literacy rate at 69.7 per cent, followed by Bihar at 70.9 per cent, Telangana at 72.8 per cent, Uttar Pradesh at 73 per cent and Madhya Pradesh at 73.7 per cent.

The study has pegged the overall literacy rate in the country at about 77.7 per cent. In rural areas, the literacy rate is 73.5 per cent compared to 87.7 per cent in urban areas of the country.

At all-India level, the male literacy rate is higher at 84.7 per cent compared to 70.3 per cent among women.

The survey showed that the male literacy rate is higher than female literacy rate among all states. In Kerala, the male literacy rate is 97.4 per cent compared to 95.2 per cent among females.Similarly, the male literacy rate in Delhi stood a 93.7 per cent higher than 82.4 per cent among females.

Even in the worst performing states, there was a considerable gap in male and female literacy rate.In Andhra Pradesh, male literacy rate is 73.4 per cent, higher than 59.5 per cent among females (of the age of seven year or above). In Rajasthan, the gap was even wider as male literacy rate stood at 80.8 per cent compared to 57.6 per cent of females. In Bihar, the male literacy rate was also higher at 79.7 per cent compared to 60.5 per cent of females.

A sample of 64,519 rural households from 8,097 villages and 49,238 urban households from 6,188 blocks was surveyed allover India. The report also revealed that nearly 4 per cent of rural households and 23 per cent of urban household possessed computer.

Among persons of age 15-29 years, nearly 24 per cent in rural areas and 56 per cent in urban areas were able to operate a computer. Nearly 35 per cent of persons of age 15-29 years reported use of internet during the 30 days prior to the date of survey. The proportions were nearly 25 per cent in rural areas and 58 per cent in urban areas.

Disappointed that the all india figure did not cross 80%. Quite a few myths or common beliefs will be demolished with this report. After Kerala the three best performing states are in North India. Least literate states are Andhra and Telangana. Bihar fares better!!!
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Re: States News and Discussions

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Findings of NFHS-5 show India’s population is stabilising: Population Foundation of India.

India’s population is stabilising, as the total fertility rate (TFR) has decreased across majority of the states. Of 17 states analysed in the fifth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS), except for Bihar, Manipur and Meghalaya, all other states have a TFR of 2.1 or less, which implies that most states have attained replacement level fertility, an analysis by the Population Foundation of India (PFI) has said.

The first set of findings from the fifth NFHS, conducted in 2019-20, was released by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare on Saturday, December 12, four years after the last survey (NFHS-4, 2015-16).

NFHS 5 merits urgent attention, as this is the most comprehensive and robust data at scale on health and family welfare and emerging issues in this area, stated PFI.

All 17 states have witnessed an increase in the use of modern contraceptives of family planning. The proportion of women with unmet need for family planning, who want to stop or delay child-bearing but are not using any method of contraception, has declined in all states, except Meghalaya and Andhra Pradesh. Except for Manipur, all states have reported an increase in users getting information on side effects of current contraceptive methods, said Poonam Muttreja, executive director of PFI.

Health concerns must receive higher priority in terms of resources allocated towards public health, she said, adding that frontline health workers, who bear the burden of health issues on the ground, must be compensated fairly.

Concern areas:
Anaemia among women remains a major cause of concern. In all the states, anaemia is much higher among women compared to men. Female sterilisation continues to dominate as the modern method of contraception in states like Andhra Pradesh (98 per cent), Telangana (93 per cent), Kerala (88 per cent), Karnataka (84 per cent), Bihar (78 per cent) and Maharashtra (77 per cent).

Male engagement in family planning continues to be limited and disappointing as seen by the low uptake of condoms and male sterilisation across states.

Despite the efforts being made, it is alarming to see the increase in child marriages in a number of states, reveals the data.

There has been an increase in child marriages in Tripura (40.1 per cent from 33.1 per cent in 2015-16), Manipur (16.3 per cent from 13.7 per cent in 2015-16) and Assam (31.8 per cent from 30.8 per cent in 2015-16), while states like West Bengal (41.6 per cent) and Bihar (40.8 per cent) still have high prevalence of child marriages. States such as Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Nagaland have also shown increase in teenage pregnancies. Along with increase in child marriages, Tripura has also shown an increase in teenage pregnancies, from 18.8 per cent in 2015-16 to 21.9 per cent in 2019-20.

While spousal violence has generally declined in most of the states and UTs, it has witnessed an increase in five states, namely Sikkim, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Assam and Karnataka. Karnataka witnessed the largest increase in spousal violence, from 20.6 per cent in NFHS 4 to 44.4 per cent in NFHS-5.

Sexual violence has increased in five states (Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Meghalaya and West Bengal), as per the data.
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Re: States News and Discussions

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Uttar Pradesh gets Rs 10,870 crore for Jal Jeevan Mission.

The Centre has allocated Rs 10,870 crore to Uttar Pradesh under Jal Jeevan Mission in 2021-22 as the state government looks to provide 7.8 million piped water connections across 60,000 villages this year ahead of the assembly polls next year.

The central allocation for the mission has been increased to Rs 10,870.50 crore from Rs 2,571 crore last fiscal and Rs 1,206 crore in 2019-20.
Work under the Jal Jeevan Mission will begin in 60,000 villages in the coming days, people aware of the development said. The government will provide tap water supply in 177 arsenic and fluoride affected habitations this year, they said.

There are 26.3 million households across about 97,000 villages in the state. Out of these, only about three million, or 11.3%, households have tap water supply in their homes at present.

In the last 21 months, the state has provided tap water supply to 2.49 million (9.45%) households. Despite this, there are about 23.3 million households without tap water supply in Uttar Pradesh.

The state had assured availability of Rs 3,348 crore of central fund for the Jal Jeevan Mission last fiscal year, including enhanced allocation of Rs 2,571crore and opening balance of Rs 777 crore. It could utilize only Rs 2,053 crore from this fund.

Union Jal Shakti minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat has written a letter to UP chief minister Yogi Adityanath, urging him to take necessary measures to accelerate the implementation of the mission.
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Re: States News and Discussions

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https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punja ... ces-406915
Punjab is in an economic morass and debt trap, said the White Paper on state finances presented in the state Assembly here on Saturday.

The document presented by Finance Minister Harpal Singh Cheema blamed previous governments for the fiscal mess.
It said the current effective outstanding debt of Punjab stands at Rs 2.63 lakh crore, which is 45.88 per cent of the SGDP.

“The current debt indicators of the state are probably the worst in the country, pushing it deeper into a debt trap,” it said.
Sadly, they have also followed their predecessors and while demitting office, handed over immediate and medium-term staggering liability of Rs 24,351.29 crore that the new government has to discharge over the coming years, said the document.

In the last five years, the debt of the state has grown by 44.23 per cent translating into a compounded growth rate of 7.60 per cent per annum.
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by ricky_v »

https://indianexpress.com/article/busin ... i-7980823/
“We can identify a core subset of highly stressed states from among the 10 states identified by the necessary condition i.e., the debt/ GSDP ratio. The highly stressed states are Bihar, Kerala, Punjab, Rajasthan and West Bengal,” said the RBI study on state finances released last week.
It said Punjab is expected to remain in the worst position as its debt-GSDP ratio is projected to exceed 45 per cent in 2026-27, with further deterioration in its fiscal position. Rajasthan, Kerala and West Bengal are projected to exceed the debt-GSDP ratio of 35 per cent by 2026-27. These states will need to undertake significant corrective steps to stabilise their debt levels.
Among the ten states, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Punjab exceeded both debt and fiscal deficit targets for 2020-21 set by the 15th Finance Commission (FC-XV). Kerala, Jharkhand and West Bengal exceeded the debt target, while Madhya Pradesh overshot the fiscal deficit target. Haryana and Uttar Pradesh were exceptions as they met both criteria. Rajasthan, Kerala and West Bengal are projected to surpass the FC-XV targets for debt and fiscal deficit in 2022-23 (BE), the RBI study said.
It said the own tax revenue of some of these 10 states, viz., Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala, has been declining over time, making them fi scally more vulnerable
Committed expenditure, which inter alia includes interest payments, pensions and administrative expenses, accounts for a significant portion (over 35 per cent) of the total revenue expenditure in states like Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala and Punjab, leaving limited fiscal space for undertaking developmental expenditure, it said
https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/Publicat ... x?id=20995
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by Zynda »

Per a ToI survey (based on Voter ID), the population of BLR has crossed 16 Million (1.6 Cr)...BLR is now a mega metropolis...reforms of city institutions (BBMP, BLR Police, BWSSB etc.) to reduce corruption, increase coordination and increase effectiveness is the need of the hour. I don't know if 40% commission is true or not, but it has given an impression of current Govt. being more corrupt than previous ones. BJP centre to find a way to reign in corruption at state/city levels. For many of us, our daily interactions happen within the city limits and the current experience is not satisfactory at all!

link
Today’s @TOIBengaluru says Bengaluru population is now 16 Million!

That’s twice as big as Switzerland! Same as 3 countries put together Singapore+New Zealand+Ireland

Our city is a mega metropolis. More than anything else, Bengaluru needs governance reforms - systems & people
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by chetak »

Vips wrote:At 96.2%, Kerala tops literacy rate chart; Andhra Pradesh worst performer at 66.4%

With 96.2 per cent literacy, Kerala has once again emerged as the most literate state in the country, while Andhra Pradesh featured at the bottom with a rate of 66.4 per cent, showed a report based on National Statistical Oice (NSO) survey. The report on 'Household Social Consumption: Education in India as part of 75th round of National Sample Survey - from July 2017 to June 2018' provides for state-wise detail of literacy rate among the persons aged seven years and above.

According to the study, after Kerala, Delhi has the best literacy rate at 88.7 per cent, followed by Uttarkhand's 87.6 per cent, Himachal Pradesh's 86.6 per cent and Assam's at 85.9 per cent.

On the other hand, Rajasthan is the second worst performer with literacy rate at 69.7 per cent, followed by Bihar at 70.9 per cent, Telangana at 72.8 per cent, Uttar Pradesh at 73 per cent and Madhya Pradesh at 73.7 per cent.

The study has pegged the overall literacy rate in the country at about 77.7 per cent. In rural areas, the literacy rate is 73.5 per cent compared to 87.7 per cent in urban areas of the country.

At all-India level, the male literacy rate is higher at 84.7 per cent compared to 70.3 per cent among women.

The survey showed that the male literacy rate is higher than female literacy rate among all states. In Kerala, the male literacy rate is 97.4 per cent compared to 95.2 per cent among females.Similarly, the male literacy rate in Delhi stood a 93.7 per cent higher than 82.4 per cent among females.

Even in the worst performing states, there was a considerable gap in male and female literacy rate.In Andhra Pradesh, male literacy rate is 73.4 per cent, higher than 59.5 per cent among females (of the age of seven year or above). In Rajasthan, the gap was even wider as male literacy rate stood at 80.8 per cent compared to 57.6 per cent of females. In Bihar, the male literacy rate was also higher at 79.7 per cent compared to 60.5 per cent of females.

A sample of 64,519 rural households from 8,097 villages and 49,238 urban households from 6,188 blocks was surveyed allover India. The report also revealed that nearly 4 per cent of rural households and 23 per cent of urban household possessed computer.

Among persons of age 15-29 years, nearly 24 per cent in rural areas and 56 per cent in urban areas were able to operate a computer. Nearly 35 per cent of persons of age 15-29 years reported use of internet during the 30 days prior to the date of survey. The proportions were nearly 25 per cent in rural areas and 58 per cent in urban areas.

Disappointed that the all india figure did not cross 80%. Quite a few myths or common beliefs will be demolished with this report. After Kerala the three best performing states are in North India. Least literate states are Andhra and Telangana. Bihar fares better!!!
Vips ji,

any idea as to what is considered "literate" in KER or is there a national standard that applies uniformly across all states

Isn't education a state subject...
Vips
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by Vips »

chetak wrote:
Vips wrote:At 96.2%, Kerala tops literacy rate chart; Andhra Pradesh worst performer at 66.4%

With 96.2 per cent literacy, Kerala has once again emerged as the most literate state in the country, while Andhra Pradesh featured at the bottom with a rate of 66.4 per cent, showed a report based on National Statistical Oice (NSO) survey. The report on 'Household Social Consumption: Education in India as part of 75th round of National Sample Survey - from July 2017 to June 2018' provides for state-wise detail of literacy rate among the persons aged seven years and above.

According to the study, after Kerala, Delhi has the best literacy rate at 88.7 per cent, followed by Uttarkhand's 87.6 per cent, Himachal Pradesh's 86.6 per cent and Assam's at 85.9 per cent.

On the other hand, Rajasthan is the second worst performer with literacy rate at 69.7 per cent, followed by Bihar at 70.9 per cent, Telangana at 72.8 per cent, Uttar Pradesh at 73 per cent and Madhya Pradesh at 73.7 per cent.

The study has pegged the overall literacy rate in the country at about 77.7 per cent. In rural areas, the literacy rate is 73.5 per cent compared to 87.7 per cent in urban areas of the country.

At all-India level, the male literacy rate is higher at 84.7 per cent compared to 70.3 per cent among women.

The survey showed that the male literacy rate is higher than female literacy rate among all states. In Kerala, the male literacy rate is 97.4 per cent compared to 95.2 per cent among females.Similarly, the male literacy rate in Delhi stood a 93.7 per cent higher than 82.4 per cent among females.

Even in the worst performing states, there was a considerable gap in male and female literacy rate.In Andhra Pradesh, male literacy rate is 73.4 per cent, higher than 59.5 per cent among females (of the age of seven year or above). In Rajasthan, the gap was even wider as male literacy rate stood at 80.8 per cent compared to 57.6 per cent of females. In Bihar, the male literacy rate was also higher at 79.7 per cent compared to 60.5 per cent of females.

A sample of 64,519 rural households from 8,097 villages and 49,238 urban households from 6,188 blocks was surveyed allover India. The report also revealed that nearly 4 per cent of rural households and 23 per cent of urban household possessed computer.

Among persons of age 15-29 years, nearly 24 per cent in rural areas and 56 per cent in urban areas were able to operate a computer. Nearly 35 per cent of persons of age 15-29 years reported use of internet during the 30 days prior to the date of survey. The proportions were nearly 25 per cent in rural areas and 58 per cent in urban areas.

Disappointed that the all india figure did not cross 80%. Quite a few myths or common beliefs will be demolished with this report. After Kerala the three best performing states are in North India. Least literate states are Andhra and Telangana. Bihar fares better!!!
Vips ji,

any idea as to what is considered "literate" in KER or is there a national standard that applies uniformly across all states

Isn't education a state subject...
Chetakji IIRC, Literate means if a person is able to read simple sentence and is able to sign his name.
chetak
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by chetak »

Vips wrote:
chetak wrote:
Vips ji,

any idea as to what is considered "literate" in KER or is there a national standard that applies uniformly across all states

Isn't education a state subject...
Chetakji IIRC, Literate means if a person is able to read simple sentence and is able to sign his name.
Vips ji,

One meant in terms of schooling, would it be eighth standard pass, or tenth standard pass, or school leaving certificate, or some graduation certificate or what...
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Re: States News and Discussions

Post by Manish_P »

Vips wrote:
Chetakji IIRC, Literate means if a person is able to read simple sentence and is able to sign his name.
For India the criteria for a person to be deemed to be literate is - 'a person aged seven and above, who can both read and write with understanding in any language'
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