"Adventures do occur, but not punctually," writes E.M. Forster in A Passage to India. In other words, exciting things happen in India, but a little patience is required. In recent years, however, it seems events have sped up in the Asian subcontinent, and that's fueling a stock market rally.
Government reforms initiated a few years ago have finally started to pay off. The changes, plus a rebound in economic activity, have lifted India's stocks.
The MSCI India Index, which tracks mostly large companies, climbed 32.6% over the past 12 months, its best showing in four years and well ahead of the 0.9% rise in the developing country-stock index, MSCI Emerging Markets. Indian small-company stocks gained even more: 53.5% (returns are through Dec. 3).
The rally is far from over, say analysts and fund managers who invest in the country. Volatility is to be expected, of course; the new COVID-19 variant, for instance, is a risk. But many short- and long-term factors could propel growth in India for years to come. We'll explain the key drivers and point you toward good funds that offer the best exposure.
Low Rates Spark a Cyclical Rebound
Interest rates have been falling, thanks in part to cuts geared to stimulate the pandemic-stricken economy. Short-term lending rates, currently 3.8%, are down from more than 8% in 2012. That has led to a burst of economic activity.
"After abysmal conditions over the past 10 years, real estate as a sector has begun to do well," says Peeyush Mittal, manager of Matthews India fund.
Low rates have pushed many Indian consumers, typically big savers, to invest in stocks, too. Individual-investor participation in the stock market has nearly doubled in the past 12 to 18 months, and that's also driving gains, says Mittal.
On top of that, Indian prime minister Narendra Modi has promised to spend $1.4 trillion on infrastructure, a plan that will create jobs and stimulate economic activity for the next 12 to 18 months, says Mittal.
All told, India's economy, the fifth-biggest in the world by gross domestic product, is growing fast. GDP increased more than 8% in the 2021 fiscal year (the country's fiscal year ends in March), and the World Bank projects 8.3% growth in 2022 and 7.5% in 2023.
"We believe that India is likely to be the fastest-growing major economy in the world for the next decade," says Michael Kass, manager of Baron Emerging Markets. "It is the most exciting jurisdiction globally."
A Modern India
Modi's expansive government reforms and initiatives are a part of the excitement around India. Although they weren't always popular, and they were somewhat painful to implement, they have upended the traditional ways of doing business for the better, and that's helping to usher in a new era in the country.
"We're finally seeing a tailwind emerge in India from government reforms over the past five years," says Ajay Krishnan, a Wasatch fund manager.
India has made significant progress in increasing the availability of cheap internet, as well as broad financial services, providing access to more citizens than ever before. Those moves are happening in step with others that have created a more formal, systematized way of doing business. All told, "the digitization, financialization and formalization of India," Krishnan says, has created "a flywheel" that's moving India into the 21st century.
Indeed, India is more digitized than some developed countries. Cheap broadband is available in even remote areas of the country. Previously unconnected Indians can now get mobile phones, surf the web and use smartphone apps.
Even more important to India's digitization is Aadhaar, the government's biometric identification data system. A fingerprint or retinal scan allows access to a photo and basic personal details tied to a 12-digit identification number. The system enables anyone registered – and more than 90% of all adult citizens are – to easily open bank and mobile-phone accounts, and then to make and receive payments via smartphones.
That has been crucial to the country's financial modernization, says Krishnan. Millions of previously unbanked citizens can now participate properly in the country's economy, free of fear that their paycheck might slip through the fingers of a corrupt middleman. It has launched a real-time payment system, as well as a slew of tech start-ups, according to Krishnan. "India has made huge leaps that have gone unnoticed in the rest of the world," he says.
Finally, a new nationwide flat tax on goods and services – which has simplified a messy, complex tax code – has forced many businesses to come out of the shadows and operate legally. That's part of the formalization of business in India. Government tax receipts are up 25% year-over-year for the period ending in October, says Matthews's Mittal.
India stands to benefit from the rest of the world's efforts to be less dependent on China, too. "India is where businesses are going," says Baron's Kass. The subcontinent boasts the world's youngest population, with a median age of 31. They're highly educated and job-ready, too. "This will enhance the country's growth potential for the next four to five years," says Kass.
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