India Border Watch: Security and Operations

manjgu · Post by **manjgu** » 02 Jun 2020 16:36

light tank is something which can quickly cover distance...spring a surprise... handle light resistance ... provide some armour protection also... ??

nam · Post by **nam** » 02 Jun 2020 17:04

India’s building of access roads to the Karakoram highway is being vehemently and unfairly opposed by China.

Experts say the stand-off in strategic points at Ladakh, like Galwan, is connected to Indian construction activities, including building a road from Dharchuk via Shyok to Daulat Beg Oldie, which is now the revamped advance landing ground that would allow C-130J aircraft to land and boost strategic airlift capabilities. In addition, a series of roads are being built in the area to enhance India’s access to the Karakoram highway—an area of immense strategic importance for both Pakistan and China.

Chinese method of causing a standoff to prevent road build is beyond logical. How will ingressing 3-4KM stop India for building roads across Ladakh? who in the right would agree, when nobody is getting shot or there is no full invasion. Would the Chinese dig up their roads, if we ingress 4KM?

The only reason Chinese think we will be oblige is that we must have done such a thing in the past, which is not very publicly know.

News about people been moved to JKL to continue the road build is exactly what I expect India to do. We will try to finish the road asap.

We should let the chinese know a simple rule. They ingress, we will will ingress. Since nobody is shooting, both sides can sit in their ingress point for years.

Aditya_V · Post by **Aditya_V** » 02 Jun 2020 17:29

nam wrote:
India’s building of access roads to the Karakoram highway is being vehemently and unfairly opposed by China.

Experts say the stand-off in strategic points at Ladakh, like Galwan, is connected to Indian construction activities, including building a road from Dharchuk via Shyok to Daulat Beg Oldie, which is now the revamped advance landing ground that would allow C-130J aircraft to land and boost strategic airlift capabilities. In addition, a series of roads are being built in the area to enhance India’s access to the Karakoram highway—an area of immense strategic importance for both Pakistan and China.
Chinese method of causing a standoff to prevent road build is beyond logical. How will ingressing 3-4KM stop India for building roads across Ladakh? who in the right would agree, when nobody is getting shot or there is no full invasion. Would the Chinese dig up their roads, if we ingress 4KM?

The only reason Chinese think we will be oblige is that we must have done such a thing in the past, which is not very publicly know.

News about people been moved to JKL to continue the road build is exactly what I expect India to do. We will try to finish the road asap.

We should let the chinese know a simple rule. They ingress, we will will ingress. Since nobody is shooting, both sides can sit in their ingress point for years.

This is exactly what the UPA Government did in 2013

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ ... 427294.ece

As part of an agreement reached at the flag meeting to end the standoff from April May 2013 at DBO, the Indian Side had to dismantle some overhead Bunkers at Chumar

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comme ... pute-90880

https://thediplomat.com/2013/10/indian- ... ith-china/

ParGha · Post by **ParGha** » 02 Jun 2020 18:07

Manjgu, light tank's role has been superseded by IFVs - they are about the same weight, same mobility, same protection. Light tanks are slightly superior in cost of firepower because 105mm main-gun rounds are cheaper than ATGMs. But they are significantly inferior in total system cost because they can't carry the infantry dismounts who can multiply the fire-effect of an IFV.

This is the reason why the PT-76s were not replaced with another light tank, despite their good performance with the 45 Cavalry in the swamps of Bangladesh (1971). The role had effectively been taken over by the BMPs by early 1980s. If push comes to shove, it is much cheaper to mount a few cheap 106mm RCLs on BMPs for cost-effective firepower against non-tank targets, and then keep the costlier ATGMs for the tanks.

AdityaM · Post by **AdityaM** » 02 Jun 2020 18:40

From https://twitter.com/ashraf_wani/status/ ... 06368?s=20

The permanent structure seems ti have been demolished, and IA is in temporary structures.
possibility of demolishing each others structures ?

Aditya_V · Post by **Aditya_V** » 02 Jun 2020 18:47

This looks like on the South Bank of Pangong Tso right opposite PLA at Sirijap.

nam · Post by **nam** » 02 Jun 2020 19:16

News on twitter about chini propeller awacs and ecm have landed down in hotan or Tibet.

https://mobile.twitter.com/RupprechtDei ... 7198058499

But we don't do propeller awacs...

darshan · Post by **darshan** » 02 Jun 2020 19:23

Many such things would be noted. But who shall be responsible for the corrections? Is CAG supposed to take note of these and bring it to attention? Who brings it to Parliament and makes it open discussion topic?

fanne · Post by **fanne** » 02 Jun 2020 20:46

If I may, these things that IAF could have easily gotten but chose not to would make a difference in today's standoff

1) Netra - We have the tech, it is in house. Repeated war has shown that Air force with better SA wins, even a bad plane can shoot down a good one (all else being equal - namely pilot training). We could easily be at 9-10 Netra instead of 3 (is the third one accepted?). A not so good and non gold plated Netra (per IAF) is better than no radar coverage over Aksai Chin.
2) Some more LCAs (they could have been inducted way earlier) and we could have some 60-70 planes in service. Even if they were IOC variant, can be have been handy in A/G role, freeing other more capable fighter for AA. Numbers have been handy in 2 front war.
3)More Akash sq (if ordered earlier and was possible) would have helped
4) SU30MKI upgrade - We have been sleeping on it for long - The best fighter plane of 2000s , we let obsolesce creep on it
5) MOD/Political leadership (MMS and Antanio madam mostly) can be faulted for delay in M2K modernization
6) Even Brahmos on SU30MKI was sluggish, this entirely came about because of political leadership. Do not know how many SU30MKI have been upgraded for that
7)I hope we have enough Astra, that was delayed as well because of lack of love from IAF.

The list is longer...and why is it so

suryag · Post by **suryag** » 02 Jun 2020 21:11

Fanne Sir very timely thought line. You can probably expand it to become an opinion piece with a title like "India Never prepared for war - missed opportunities"

The damn thing needs to be driven into every head playing a part in decision making that needless foot dragging and mindless crave for gold plated items will forever keep them under prepared for a war and in dhoti shiver and reach-compromise mode. Of course it is an entirely different story that once the shooting begins the gold plating of imported equipment also fades off due to excessive use

Anoop · Post by **Anoop** » 02 Jun 2020 21:19

Very useful discussion between Col. Dinny (Retd) who commanded the battalion deployed at Pangong Tso and Nitin Gokhale. Unfortunately poor audio at times. Good maps and photographs.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b30_ftMpwLI

manjgu · Post by **manjgu** » 02 Jun 2020 22:00

so where was the vid shot where the chini SUV is being banged..and a chini is on the ground.. obviously they have come ahead of chini LAC claim line as that is only section with no road.. the chini SUV was on a stone kutcha raasta...so the SUV did bend around finger 4??

nam · Post by **nam** » 02 Jun 2020 22:02

Chini claim line is Finger 2/3, way ahead of 4. It is the claim line, different from LAC.

nam · Post by **nam** » 02 Jun 2020 22:09

155MM artillery, more Netras, IAF MRSAM, Astra 1/2, WHAAP, Glided A2G, SAAW, LCH, Helina, 100 LCA.

All Indian kit. Just image how well quality wise we would have been today, if these kit was inducted in numbers.

Even if they were 70-80% perfect. They just needed to be in numbers. We live in such a volatile place, yet we don't take war seriously.

AdityaM · Post by **AdityaM** » 02 Jun 2020 22:11

darshan · Post by **darshan** » 02 Jun 2020 22:14

Centers for algorithms, SDRs of all varieties, sensor arrays of all sorts from thermal to audio, cryptography, proprietary RF backhauls, etc.

Mort Walker · Post by **Mort Walker** » 02 Jun 2020 22:22

nam wrote:Chini claim line is Finger 2/3, way ahead of 4. It is the claim line, different from LAC.

Makes sense. If you have that and the control of the confluence of the Shyok and Galwan rivers, then you limit any settlement in the area when there is no access to fresh water in the high elevation desert.

manjgu · Post by **manjgu** » 02 Jun 2020 22:23

the only stretch without road is between finger 4 and finger 5...and a vehicle cant go around the bend at finger 4.... the chini SUV was on unmetalled road .......

Sumair · Post by **Sumair** » 02 Jun 2020 22:27

In all these videos even in the past, our soldiers are always on foot. Considering the length of the border and other coin duties, I think it is high time for a light armored patrol vehicle induction.

manjgu · Post by **manjgu** » 02 Jun 2020 22:37

Mort Walker wrote:
nam wrote:Chini claim line is Finger 2/3, way ahead of 4. It is the claim line, different from LAC.
Makes sense. If you have that and the control of the confluence of the Shyok and Galwan rivers, then you limit any settlement in the area when there is no access to fresh water in the high elevation desert.

how come...is there no water in Shyok?? even if Chini dams galwan, there is always water in Shyok... shyok on its own is a major water way. How come there is water in DBO??

arshyam · Post by **arshyam** » 02 Jun 2020 22:39

manjgu wrote:the only stretch without road is between finger 4 and finger 5...and a vehicle cant go around the bend at finger 4.... the chini SUV was on unmetalled road .......

That's my conclusion as well...

CRamS · Post by **CRamS** » 02 Jun 2020 22:56

Shook Law Vs Abhijit iyer on India Today debate. Whether you agree with Shook Law or not, you see the scum bag is having a field day, his is loving what he thinks is Chinese invasion will put his nemesis ModiJi on a spot. This same chutiya who is now gunning for action, was the ass hole who was poo pooing Balakot and surgical strikes, the same scum bag who wants to make p!ss with TSP is now singing a different tune

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=maHCZZPLBNA&t=1408s

bharathp · Post by **bharathp** » 03 Jun 2020 01:40

https://www.yahoo.com/news/indias-modi- ... 35880.html

excerpt from the above link:
U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and a senior congressional leader have reprimanded China for bullying behaviour towards India during a military standoff on their disputed border.

"have reprimanded" and now Modi is invited to G7 along with Skorea, Australia , Russia.. each one has some beef with China

SSridhar · Post by **SSridhar** » 03 Jun 2020 08:35

Folks, to make a point, please do not embed the same video repeatedly in replies.

Guddu · Post by **Guddu** » 03 Jun 2020 09:07

China blocked the Galwaan river per Abhijit Iyer Mitra. Have not seen any discussion around that claim, based on satellite pictures.

NRao · Post by **NRao** » 03 Jun 2020 09:40

^^^^^

Chinese intrusion in Galwan lasted for two weeks before it was cleared by Indian troops

One thing, however, did stand out in the images (The images in the report with the Ministry of Defence) for second and third week of May, did show the Galwan river in full flow. However, by fourth week the flow had dried up completely, exposing the rocks in the river bed, indicating that the Chinese had stopped/diverted the waters. This is re-confirmed in Image 7. This is a serious breach of trust and runs contrary to the Chinese assurances at several international forums that it would not block or divert waters of south and westwards flowing rivers originating in the Tibet plateau.

ani_sharma · Post by **ani_sharma** » 03 Jun 2020 10:01

@drapr007
China has made a unique offer to India through an unofficial channel today.China has invited India to join its ambitious BRI project. In return, China will force Pakistan to give Gilgit-Baltistan to India & India will have to withdraw its demand for PoK. India refused.

Aditya_V · Post by **Aditya_V** » 03 Jun 2020 11:44

NRao wrote:^^^^^

Chinese intrusion in Galwan lasted for two weeks before it was cleared by Indian troops

One thing, however, did stand out in the images (The images in the report with the Ministry of Defence) for second and third week of May, did show the Galwan river in full flow. However, by fourth week the flow had dried up completely, exposing the rocks in the river bed, indicating that the Chinese had stopped/diverted the waters. This is re-confirmed in Image 7. This is a serious breach of trust and runs contrary to the Chinese assurances at several international forums that it would not block or divert waters of south and westwards flowing rivers originating in the Tibet plateau.

I am taking this with a pinch of salt, looking at the topography I find highely unlikely that the Chinese will able to dam the Galwan river

Sravan · Post by **Sravan** » 03 Jun 2020 11:47

https://thewire.in/external-affairs/chi ... nath-singh

'Chinese Troops Have Moved Into Eastern Ladakh in Sizeable Numbers,' Says Rajnath Singh
"It is true that people of China are on the border," the defence minister told a TV channel.

Mollick.R · Post by **Mollick.R** » 03 Jun 2020 12:03

A stalemate favours India, exposes Chinese limits
BY ET CONTRIBUTORS | JUN 03, 2020, 12.00 AM IST
By Kanwal Sibal

China as the first mover in developing military infrastructure on the border with India has long enjoyed an advantage. This is being progressively balanced with development of border infrastructure by India, which means easier and more border patrolling by Indian forces, and thus increased room for frictions at the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Improving the infrastructure on its own side is not changing the status quo by India as China self-servingly claims.

The 2005 Agreement on the Parameters and Guiding Principles for the settlement of the border speaks of “the principle of mutual and equal security”. Equal security means that India has every right to reduce the long-standing unequal security situation on its Himalayan border.

The current standoff is much more serious than those at Depsang and Chumar, and different in nature. It is not a patrol triggered event. China has consciously decided to put pressure on India at various points in Ladakh with large-scale mobilisation of troops and equipment, including artillery and some tanks on its side of the LAC, and digging defences there. Such a decision must have been taken at higher military and political levels, not at local or regional command levels. The is unlikely to take a decision with serious escalation potential if only to avoid becoming answerable politically if things went wrong.

India will stand its ground in the Galwan valley. It has completed the intended infrastructure in the area, and so any concern about obstruction by China is misplaced. India has positioned troops and equipment that more than match the Chinese deployments. With the onset of summer, both countries conduct military exercises, which explains the concentration of high troop levels on both sides. The other hot point at the is in some ways more serious, as posts there are very close to each other, which creates conditions for increased frictions. But there too India is determined to hold ground. The recent incident at Naku La in Sikkim, an old irritant, has been settled. Reports on Chinese pressure in the central sector seem without substance.

The standoff is being addressed at military level in accordance with the 2013 Agreement on Border Defence Cooperation (which reiterates the principle of mutual and equal security) and at diplomatic level but not as yet at political level, which from India’s viewpoint can wait because China has deliberately instigated the current standoff to browbeat India. China thinks in hierarchical terms and does not accept India as an equal. It is frustrated that India does not recognise its superior status as other Asian countries do.

India has been low key at the WHO and elsewhere on China’s responsibility for the coronavirus, as also on Hong Kong. Why China should initiate this major face-off without provocation is unclear. That the Daulet Beg Oldi (DBO)-Darbuk road built by India threatens the road built by China is an absurd argument. In reality, China seeks to position itself better to cut off the DBO-Darbuk road through the Galwan valley to endanger India’s hold over Siachen.

Restoring the status quo ante as a solution to the current crisis does not seem possible. India cannot withdraw from the Galwan valley, and if China refuses to budge from its new positions close to the LAC as a new pressure point, a prolonged standoff lasting through the summer is likely. A stalemate favours India as it would show that China cannot bully India and would expose the limits of its standard play book in dealing with other countries.

(The writer is former foreign secretary)

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ne ... content=23

manjgu · Post by **manjgu** » 03 Jun 2020 12:08

Aditya_V wrote:
NRao wrote:^^^^^

Chinese intrusion in Galwan lasted for two weeks before it was cleared by Indian troops

I am taking this with a pinch of salt, looking at the topography I find highely unlikely that the Chinese will able to dam the Galwan river

1) Babaji also talked of 'natural resources' ..was water the natural resource and not gold he was talking about? iyer also spoke about it. If gold was the reason , chinis would have been there much earlier IMHO. 2) Shooklaw was talking about intrusion on the shoulder of confluence of galwan/shyok. maybe there are some 20/30 chini on the ridges at the confulence? which is not picked by Iyer satellite images??

manjgu · Post by **manjgu** » 03 Jun 2020 12:12

Sibal's article is v balanced... How does domination of DBO road affect Siachen ? i too agree that time is on our side in this standoff and in future. interesting times ....

Aditya_V · Post by **Aditya_V** » 03 Jun 2020 12:34

For the Chinese getting to LAC at Galwan river also will not be easy, how do they do it? I ask this since if we are ever to advance into Aksai CHin, a Chinese Road in the Galwan valley will be very useful for us

chetak · Post by **chetak** » 03 Jun 2020 13:57

Plain Truth: Indian Army Is Fully Prepared And Was NOT Caught Unawares In Ladakh; China Risks Losing Face

Plain Truth: Indian Army Is Fully Prepared And Was NOT Caught Unawares In Ladakh; China Risks Losing Face

Jaideep Mazumdar
Jun 02, 2020,

Snapshot
There are more than 140 tanks, a 100 plus BMPs, more than 20,000 soldiers and more than a 100 artillery guns stationed in Ladakh.

The Chinese misadventure in Ladakh did not catch the Indian Army unaware as some media reports would suggest. And contrary to perceptions in some quarters, the Indian Army has enough assets on the ground in Ladakh to not only thwart any aggression on the part of China’s People's Liberation Army (PLA), but also give it a bloody nose.

India’s defence establishment initiated a military buildup in Ladakh immediately after the Kargil War and stationed a new Corps (the 14 Corps) in Leh. Till then, the Srinagar-based 15 Corps used to look after Ladakh.

The 14 Corps, also called the ‘Fire & Fury’ Corps, has the 3 Infantry Division, the 8 Mountain Division, the independent ‘Siachen Brigade’, an armoured brigade and a reserve infantry brigade under it. The 3 Infantry Division has three infantry brigades stationed at Tangste, Kairi and Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO) under it. The infantry brigade at DBO also has a tank regiment.

The 3 Infantry Division, also called the ‘Trishul Division’ with its headquarters at Karu (40 km from Leh) has an additional artillery brigade. The reserve infantry brigade and armoured brigade under the 14 Corps are also stationed at Leh.

As for the numbers, an infantry battalion has a little over 1,000 soldiers, three battalions make a brigade and three brigades make a division. An armoured brigade has three tank regiments with each regiment having 45 tanks.

A mechanised infantry regiment has 50 to 60 BMPs (infantry combat vehicles) each, while an artillery brigade has about five artillery regiments and each such regiment has about 20 field artillery guns.

Thus, there are more than 140 tanks, a 100 plus BMPs, more than 20,000 soldiers and more than a 100 artillery guns stationed in Ladakh. And then there is the 39 Mountain Division based in Himachal Pradesh which is the Udhampur-based Northern Command’s reserve force. This division, as well as units and assets under the Srinagar-based 15 Corps can be quickly deployed in Ladakh in an emergency.

India also has adequate air assets in Ladakh. The Advanced Landing Grounds at DBO, Nyoma and Fuk Che are operational and heavy transport aircraft can transport troops, artillery guns and military hardware there. The Nyoma airfield is being upgraded into an air base where fighter aircraft will be stationed.

China has also stationed air assets in the surrounding areas. However, Chinese fighters operate at a disadvantage from the high-altitude airfields there: they cannot carry adequate payloads and fuel and thus cannot operate at optimum levels.

Senior Indian Army officers point out that the situation has changed vastly since 1962 and the tables have in fact been turned against China. The Indian Army can meet the PLA head on and thwart any advances it makes.

India’s surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities have also improved tremendously in recent years. Over the past six years, defence infrastructure in Ladakh and other areas along the LAC has improved, and many infrastructure building projects that are in progress have been put on the fast track.

All this puts the Indian Army in a comfortable position in Ladakh. Fact is, the Indian Army has an advantage over the PLA that is deployed in Chinese-occupied Tibet (CoT). The reason: apart from having to face a highly-motivated and well-equipped Indian Army with its artillery and armoured components, the PLA has many of its flanks exposed and vulnerable in CoT.

As is well known, the brutal military repression unleashed by China on Tibetans after its annexation of Tibet in 1950 (also read this) has not been able to stifle dissent in that large restive province. Revolts and rebellions, big and small, are common. And China has to maintain adequate boots on the ground there to prevent revolts from spiralling out of control.

India has a large Tibetan refugee population, many of who are part of the little-known Special Frontier Force (SFF) that’s headquartered in Uttarakhand. The SFF is a specially trained force made up mostly of Tibetan exiles (read more about it here and here) that has covered itself in glory in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh in 1971, in Siachen in 1984 and in Kargil in 1999.

China has repeatedly objected to the SFF, which is trained especially in guerilla warfare. The SFF is known to have participated in many Indian military operations.

But what would be a bigger headache for China is the distinct possibility of unrest and revolts breaking out in CoT in the event of hostilities against India.

Unrest in CoT, which will inevitably be followed by a brutal military crackdown on Tibetans by the Chinese occupying army there, will focus international attention on the restive province. At a time China is already under criticism and attack for its opacity on the coronavirus outbreak and its bullying tactics, Beijing would not want the international community to get another stick to beat China with.

All that aside, some reports had suggested that hundreds of Chinese troops had entered the Galwan Valley that has long been considered to be part of Indian territory. These reports said that PLA troops had built bunkers and fortifications in Galwan Valley and advanced till the confluence of the Galwan and Shyok rivers.

Indian Army officers disputed that and point out that the Galwan Valley is an extremely narrow valley that cannot hold ‘hundreds of troops’. Indian troops have thwarted the Chinese advance into the valley and are holding off PLA troops there.

Some commentators and analysts have also suggested that the Indian Army should have expected the Chinese incursions after the 225 km Darbuk-Shyok-DBO road became operational last year end. But it is impossible to man the entire stretch of the LAC 24x7 and incursions will happen. China also accuses Indian troops of entering and patrolling its territories (in CoT).

The reality is that while the face-off between Indian and Chinese troops continues at some points along the LAC, were the Chinese to indulge in any misadventure, they will be in for nasty surprises that will leave them bloodied and bruised, both physically and emotionally.

Jaideep Mazumdar is an associate editor at Swarajya.

Ashokk · Post by **Ashokk** » 03 Jun 2020 14:06

India-China standoff: Lt Generals to talk in bid to break LAC deadlock

NEW DELHI: India and China will hold a top-level military meeting on June 6 in a bid to resolve the troop confrontation in eastern Ladakh, defence minister Rajnath Singh said on Tuesday, while finally admitting that Chinese soldiers were present in “a sizeable number” in the high-altitude region.
Defence sources said the June 6 meeting is set to be raised to the level of lieutenant generals from the two armies, in a clear indication that the several rounds of talks between rival colonels, brigadiers and major generals have failed to break the deadlock in the month-long military stalemate.
Northern Army Command chief Lt Gen Y K Joshi visited Ladakh on Tuesday morning to review the operational situation with the Leh-based 14 Corps commander Lt-Gen Harinder Singh and other top officers. “Another meeting between major generals was held on Tuesday but it remained inconclusive. So, Lt Gen Singh is now likely to meet with his Chinese counterpart on June 6,” said a source.
The defence minister had confirmed last week that People’s Liberation Army (PLA) soldiers had “come a little further than they used to earlier” to make the “situation different” this time from earlier military face-offs.
On Tuesday, in an interview to a television channel, Singh said the PLA soldiers were present in “achhi khasi sankhya” (sizeable number) but were being matched by Indian troops who had taken all necessary counter-measures.
Without going into either the number of PLA troops involved or how deep their intrusions were across the LAC, he said military and diplomatic talks were underway to resolve the confrontation like the earlier ones, including the 73-day Dokalm face-off in June-August 2017.

nandakumar · Post by **nandakumar** » 03 Jun 2020 16:01

Sravan wrote:https://thewire.in/external-affairs/chi ... nath-singh

'Chinese Troops Have Moved Into Eastern Ladakh in Sizeable Numbers,' Says Rajnath Singh
"It is true that people of China are on the border," the defence minister told a TV channel.

The CNN News 18 has since denied that claim made in the headline saying that the defense minister did not say it,

Aditya_V · Post by **Aditya_V** » 03 Jun 2020 16:24

I would request due to multiple fake news reports coming from these portals , BRF should ban users from seriously posting stuff on Wire, Quint, Scroll etc without a disclaimer that these outlets more often than not always spread lies.

They are not too much better than posting links to Def and Dumb forum.

ParGha · Post by **ParGha** » 03 Jun 2020 16:54

With the old J&K split into J&K and Ladakh, which Indian state/UT now includes the Gilgit-Baltistan areas to the north of the LC?

schinnas · Post by **schinnas** » 03 Jun 2020 16:55

+108. I was surprised to see not only the BIF funded wire.in article posted here but posters taking it seriously in BRF!

Gerard · Post by **Gerard** » 03 Jun 2020 17:17

ParGha wrote:With the old J&K split into J&K and Ladakh, which Indian state/UT now includes the Gilgit-Baltistan areas to the north of the LC?

Ladakh

See
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ ... 863670.ece