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Korea's cumulative FDI in Vietnam is 13 times its stock in India. Delhi's trade deficit with Korea has tripled. Two chaebols have extracted $4.7 billion in value in twelve months.
Issues like these and more explain why the fifteen-year-old CEPA Agreement is untenable and what Delhi is now negotiating towards.
The three balance sheets, read together, explain why the Kumaran briefing took the form it did. Hyundai and LG together monetised about $4.7 billion of Indian growth, entirely for the Korean parents, in twelve months — at the precise moment India's trade deficit with Korea was widening and CEPA talks were in their longest freeze since the original agreement took effect. Samsung's royalty tripled in the same window. The Indian government's position, implicit in Kumaran's sentence, is that the current agreement has produced outcomes its architects did not anticipate, and that the review cannot be deferred further.
In Vietnam, Samsung runs six plants and one R&D centre, employs 90,000-100,000 people, and exports $54.4 billion annually — 13.4 per cent of Vietnam's entire goods exports. Samsung Display Vietnam received a fresh $1.2 billion capital-increase certificate in January 2025. More than half of Samsung's global smartphones roll out of Vietnamese factories. Vietnam runs a $31.6 billion trade deficit with Korea: a signature of manufacturing integration, because Korean subsidiaries import parents' components as inputs and add value locally before exporting onwards. The deficit looks identical to India's in structure; its composition is different.
Indonesia shows a different mechanism. Hyundai's $1.55 billion Cikarang plant, inaugurated in 2022, is Southeast Asia's largest full-scale Hyundai factory. It exists because Indonesia, the world's largest nickel reserve holder, banned nickel-ore exports in 2020, forcing Korean battery and EV firms to downstream into Indonesia or lose access to the mineral. LG Energy Solution and Hyundai then set up the $1.1 billion HLI Green Power battery cell joint venture in Karawang — Indonesia's first cell plant, operational in 2024. Jakarta offered market access. Seoul brought the supply chain.