I think one should start with the basics:
What is Hindhuism? Who are Hindhus?
I think Vedhas are the foundation of Hindhuism.
johneeG wrote:
In my limited understanding, the primary axioms of Sanathana Dharma(Hinduism) is:
a) 'Veda(s) are the eternal truth.'
b) 'Veda(s) are divine. They are not man-made.'
c) 'Veda(s) are the authority on all things.'
d) 'All the experiences, words, customs and ideologies of the people that are in consonance with the Vedic teachings are acceptable. And all the experiences, words, customs and ideologies of the people contradictory to Vedic teachings are rejected.'
The word Veda refers to all the four Vedas along with Vedanta(Upanishads).
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Based on the above fundamental axioms, Indic philosophies have been categorised as Astika and Nastika.
Astika Philosophies are 6(Shat Darshanas). They accept the Vedic authority. They are:
a) Nyāyá, the school of logic (by Gautama)
b) Vaiśeṣika, the school that proposes atoms (by Kanada)
c) Sāṃkhya, the enumeration school (by Kapila)
d) Yoga, which assumes the metaphysics of Sāṃkhya (by Patanjali)
e) Mimāṃsā or Purva Mimāṃsā, the tradition of Vedic exegesis that stresses on the importance of Vedic rituals. (restored by Kumarilla Bhatta - who is disciple of Jaimini - who is disciple of Vyasa)
f) Vedanta or Uttara Mimāṃsā, the Upaniṣadic tradition.(restored by Adi Shankaracharya - who is disciple of Govinda Bhagavatpada - Gauda Bhagavatpada - Shuka - Vyasa)
Nastika philosophies. They reject the Vedic authority. They are:
a) Buddhism (supposedly by Siddhartha Gautama)
b) Jainism (supposedly by Rishabha, the first Tirthankara. Mahavira is the last of the 24 Tirthankaras.)
c) Cārvāka - Materialistic and hedonistic school of thought.
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Then, there are Tantras or Agamas. The Tantras like Darshanas(Philosophies) can also be Vedic or Non-Vedic. All the Tantras/Agamas (or the aspects of Tantras) that are in consonance with Vedas are acceptable. Rest are rejected.
The Tantras also claim their origin from divine beings. Even so, if the teachings are contradictory to Vedas, they are rejected.
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Then, there are Smritis or Dharma Shaastras. Smritis are authored by the Rishis. They deal with the rules of conduct. There are several Smritis.
The general rule is that the whole (or part) of a Smriti which is conflicting with Vedas is rejected.
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Then, there are Itihasaas(Ramayana & Mahabharatha) along with the 18 Puranas and 18 Upa-Puranas. Generally, they can be treated similar to Dharma Shaastras.
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Finally, there are traditions of family. Each family follow certain traditions and customs which it has inherited from its ancestors. These traditions are also acceptable and encouraged as long as they are not in conflict with the above mentioned scriptural teachings.
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IMHO, the above is the outline of Hinduism or Sanatana Dharma.
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Whenever this definition of Hindhuism is given out, people generally object that lot of Hindhus may have never heard about Vedhas and other aspects. The answer is that they may not have heard the names and definitions but traditionally(i.e. inherited from fathers and fore-fathers), they follow the ideas prescribed by these aspects of Hindhuism.
And all of these various aspects have Vedhas as their basis. Everything in Hindhuism is up for debate as long as one can prove one's point using pramanas.
What are Pramanas?
johneeG wrote:Pramana means 'means of knowing a truth'.
There are 3 pramanas:
a) observation (Prathyakshya)
b) words of others (Shabdha or Aptha-Vakya Pramana)
c) inference (anumaana)
Observation (Prathyaksha) and words of others (Shabdha) form 'facts'.
Inference (anumaana) forms 'theories/hypothesis/opinion'.
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The most authentic Shabdha pramana is supposed to be Vedhas.
Of course, nothing can beat the direct observation i.e Prathyakshya.
The above 3 are major Pramanas.
johneeG wrote:There are twelve kinds of pramANa accepted by various darshanas:
1. pratyakSha
2. anumAna
3. upamAna
4. shabda/Agama
5. arthApatti
6. anupalabdhi
7. itihAsa
8. sambhava
9. aitihya
10. abhAva
11. cheShTA
12. yukti
nArayaNa summarizes the pramANas accepted by various schools in mAnameyodaya thus:
chArvAkAstAvadekaM dvitayamapi punarbauddhavaisheShikau dvau
bhAsarvaj~nashcha sA~NkhyastritayamudayanAdyashchuShkaM vadanti |
prAhuH prAbhAkarAH pa~nchakamapi cha vayaM te.api vedAntavij~nAH
ShaTkaM paurANikAstvaShTakamabhidadhire sambhavaitihyayogAt ||
chArvAka: pratyakSha
bauddha, vaisheShika: pratyakSha, anumAna
sAMkhya: pratyakSha, anumAna, shabda
nyAya, tarka: pratyakSha, anumAna, shabda, upamAna
prAbhAkara: pratyakSha, anumAna, shabda, upamAna, arthApatti
bhATTa, vedAnta: pratyakSha, anumAna, shabda, upamAna, arthApatti, anupalabdhi
paurANika: pratyakSha, anumAna, shabda, upamAna, arthApatti, anupalabdhi, sambhava, aitihya
There are other pramANas accepted by certain darshanas such as parishesha, svabhAva li~Nga etc.
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So, theoretically, anyone can propose any idea as long as he can back it up using pramanas and showing its basis in Vedhas. Then that idea would be part of Hindhuism. Other Hindhus have the freedom to refute that idea using Pramanas and showing that it is not supported by Vedhas. Simple.
Is Hindhuism connected to any particular geography or history?
Strictly speaking, no.
johneeG wrote:The only religion that is not history centric is Hinduism. And this is attributable to the concept of Vedas being eternal according to Hinduism. If Vedas had a human author, then even Hinduism would have become history centric. If Vedas were born at particular event, then that particular moment would have become historically important for Hindus. If Vedas were born at a particular place, then that place would have become historically important for Hindus.
Everything else, in all religions(including Hinduism) is history centric. Sri Rama and Sri Krishna are history centric. Rama is born at Ayodhya. That place is an important pilgrimage for Hindus. Sri Krishna was born on Janmashtami, that date is important for Hindus. This is history-centricism as far as I understand.
The only differentiating factor between all other creeds and Hinduism is Vedas. Hinduism started with Vedas. This is the reason, Hinduism is never going to accept that Vedas are created by Human authors. Hinduism is never going to accept that Vedas are born in particular time or place. At best, one can only discover Veda by revelation. Yajnavalkya was revealed Krishna Yajur Veda by Surya. Essentially, Surya passed down Krishna Yajur Veda to Yajnavalkya. Neither Surya nor Yajnavalkya created Krishna Yajur Veda. Even Brahma does not create Vedas. They simply manifest, according to Hinduism.
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So, strictly speaking, Hindhuism is not limited to any particular time, location, circumstance or object.
Does that mean there are no sacred geographies, times, circumstances and objects in Hindhuism?
Hindhuism has sacred geographies.
Hindhuism has sacred times.
Hindhuism has sacred circumstances.
Hindhuism has sacred objects.
For example, Kailasa, Ayodhya, Mathura, Kaashi, Somnaath, Raameshwaram, ...etc are sacred holy places.
One can see Shakthi-peethas and Jyothirlingas which clearly are based on sacred geography.
Just to give an idea about the spread of this geography:

These are 51 Shakthi-peetas.
Actually, there are a total of 108 according to Puraanas. But, only some are identified. There are many which are spread all over the place. One thing is certain, they are in the are of Bharatha-Varsha.
What is Bharatha-Varsha?

Approximately, the colored part is Bharatha-Varsha.
This is treated as sacred geography in Hindhu epics and literature. Having said that, wherever Hindhus stay, they worship the nature and the geography becomes sacred over a period of time.
Still, the connection that Hindhuism has with Bharatha-Varsha cannot be ignored regardless of whether one likes it or not.
For example, Alps and Himalayas both may be snow-clad mountains. But Himalayas are treated as sacred places by Hindhus while Alps are treated as just beautiful locations.
Can Alps become sacred?
Yes. If Hindhus settle down in and around Alps. If there are Pujas and Yagnyas and Thapas in Alps. Then, at some point, it will be treated as holy place. Any place can become holy but it requires some time and certain conditions.
Now, what is nationalism?
wiki wrote:Nationalism is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation. Nationalism involves national identity, by contrast with the related construct of patriotism, which involves the social conditioning and personal behaviors that support a state's decisions and actions.[1]
Wiki Link
So, nationalism is a sense of loyalty to nation.
So, what is a nation?
wiki wrote:Nation has various meanings, and the meaning has changed over time. The concept of "nation" is related to "ethnic community" or ethnie. An ethnic community has a myth of origins and descent, a common history, elements of distinctive culture, a common territorial association, and sense of group solidarity. A nation is, by comparison, much more impersonal, abstract, and overtly political than an ethnic group. It is a cultural-political community that has become conscious of its coherence, unity, and particular interests.[1]
Wiki Link
So, broadly, nation means a cultural or political or ethnic community.
Then, what is Hindhu nationalism?
Hindhu nationalism would be a loyalty to Hindhu community's cultural, ethnic and political interests. What is wrong with this kind of loyalty?
Please notice that neither Hinduism nor nationalism has anything to do with geography.
But, in practical world, abstract concepts require physical manifestations to keep people's interest. Geography is one such physical manifestation of abstract concept. Sacred geography in Hindhuism is similarly physical manifestation of the abstract concepts of Hindhuism.
But, it is precisely these things which cause problems to the entity which was created in 1947.
Do Hindhu owe loyalty to the entity which was created in 1947 or do Hindhu owe loyalty to the entity which was freed 1947?
a) kongis and dynasty lovers claim that the entity which was created in 1947 was the most sacred and its founding fathers are demi-gods. They create a hagiography for these demi-gods and claim infallibility for the entity created by them even though it has largely failed in all its stated goals. These people claim themselves to be nationalists but not Hindhu nationalists.
b) The other group is loyal to an ancient entity which was freed in 1947. To them, there is a hoary past from which they get inspiration and lessons. For them, there is an ancient culture which they hold dear. Of course, these people will be loyal to entity that was created in 1947 also because they see it as a continuation of an ancient entity. These people are considered as Hindhu nationalists.
Why should some people have problem if anyone is loyal to the ancient geography and culture of Bharatha-Varsha?
a) Because Bharatha-Varsha today is divided into many different nations. But then, this was true in history also. Political unity was rarely achieved. And when it was achieved, it was considered a feat.
b) Because loyalty to ancient cultural claims are not palatable to commies, islamists and evangelists who want to convert the Hindhus.
c) Because claims of same ethnicity are not acceptable to Aryan invasion theory proponents.
Are their other religious nationalisms?
Obviously. Infact, other religious nationalisms are much stronger than Hindhu nationalism. X-ist nationalism and malsI nationalism are extremely strong. Infact, they are so strong that they have split into sectarian nationalisms.
What is the difference between these religious nationalisms and Hindhu nationalism?
Generally, in the most extreme case, other religious nationalism are secessionist forces while Hindhu nationalism asks for akand dhesh in its extreme form. So, from dhesh's point of view, Hindhu nationalism is better than other religious nationalisms.
But, Hindhu nationalism is not compared with other nationalism. It is contrasted with universalism or with nationalism in general.
So, Hindhu nationalism is portrayed as narrow because it is a loyalty to only Hindhus and their interests instead of being loyal to interests of entire mankind or all countrymen.
The implication is that if you are concerned about Hindhus, then you are not about non-Hindhus. This is a clever strawman which has been created to portray Hindhu nationalism in negative light.
BTW, this is not a new ploy. Initially, when the great brits were ruling dhesh, then the same tactics were used to discourage even nationalism, not just Hindhu nationalism. (Generally, Hindhu nationalism has been closely associated with naitonalism in dhesh. Vande Maathram is the best example)
I read somewhere that Tagore disliked nationalism proposed by the narrow-minded people who wanted freedom. He instead talked about humanity, universalism and global world. West liked it so much that they kept giving him awards and rewards.
On the other hand, someone like Bankim Chandra Chaterjee who played a key role in inspiring nationalism soaked in Hindhu nationalism was never rewarded or awarded by the west or their lackeys.
Bhest and dynasty want Hindhus to remain loyal to them. They don't want Hindhus to be loyal to any other culture, tradition, family structure, geography, history, language, ...etc. Just be loyal to the dynasty and bhest. Thats all.
Why should Bhest and dynasty place so many restrictions on Hindhus?
I think that both of them realize the potential of Hindhus. If you know that your opponent can beat you hands down if he is allowed to study, then you simply don't allow him to study by distracting his attention all the time.
Religious nationalism raises a very uncomfortable question for nationalism. Because the loyalty of the people is divided between nation and religion. In few instances, these two are reconciled.
In case of saudi arabia or Turkey, sunni nationalism can be reconciled to nationalism.
In case of persia, shia nationalism can be reconciled to nationalism
In case of Bhaarath, Hindhu nationalism can be reconciled to nationalism.
In Europe, this has been a thorny issue which has led to many wars and confrontations.
So, religious nationalism can be reconciled to nationalism in only few cases and Bhaarath and Hindhu nationalism happen to be one such case.
In other cases, religious nationalism is not reconcilable to nationalism because the loyalty gets divided. As long as, religion and nation are not pitted against each other, there may be no problem. But, if they are pitted against each other, then either the religion will have to change or the nation will have to change or both will have to change.