the bulk of the goals in Syria affected guided weapons, used with high accuracy
The latest Russian developments allow the use of gravity bombs with an accuracy corresponding to the best examples of the WTO. The average for the destruction of one object takes a little more than one sortie - 1.16. This is a very good result, considering the fact that precision weapons are used in Syria, Russia's air force is very limited. The primary means of destruction are unguided weapons systems - Nursi various caliber, and gravity bombs.
Civilian casualties are almost no (we can assume that they are, as militants of the "Islamic State" placed their facilities in towns and cities close to residential buildings). All this makes a particularly close look at the applicable Russian aircraft weapons. After action by US aircraft in similar circumstances in Yugoslavia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, accompanied by significant civilian casualties. Especially great were the application of American air gravity bombs. And the flow of weapons, a technical resource per one defeats the purpose, is significantly higher than it is now at the Russian pilots in Syria. This is due to the fact that the traditional use of the free-fall bombs dispersion is very significant - the deviation of ammunition can range from 150 to 400 meters depending on the height of the discharge and the method call to the target aircraft. This means that the probability of a direct hit by a bomb in the small-sized target (ten by ten meters) is small and is at most half a percentage point. In view of the possible affected areas bomb of medium caliber (250 kg) of ground objects, partially protected in engineering terms, the likelihood of injury increases to two percent. Model strike aircraft, with a bomb load of four tons (16 bombs of 250 kg), is capable of hitting a secure underground facility with a probability of up to eight percent, and the ground, not having protection - with a probability of about 30 percent. Accordingly, for the destruction of a point object with an acceptable probability (0.6-0.

requires a very decent outfit tactical (tactical, assault) aviation - from the managers of the four sides to one or two squadrons of the total composition of 12-24 cars. A defeat for the well-protected underground facilities gravity bombs need to plan for 70-80 or more sorties, as evidenced by the practice of combat employment of aviation in the military conflicts of the XX century, such as Vietnam. In addition, in this case the inevitable huge losses among the civilian population living near military facilities: near a radius of 150-400 meters from the target to fall and explode from 40-45 to 300 and 250-kilogram bombs, and the rest by the law will fall scattering even further. Hardly any of the civilians in the area survive.
The bomb - a fool, sight - well done
"With 12-16 bombs of medium and large caliber, equipped with a system SVP-24, Su-24M is able to destroy the infrastructure of two point one flight of the Islamists"
Russian planes using gravity bombs average (250 kg) and large size (500 kg), solve the problem of destruction point is well protected objects (including underground) small forces - one or two planes. And this at a time when militants of the "Islamic state" for a long time under the blows of the US Air Force and NATO had to take steps to minimize their losses, one of which was the placement of objects of their infrastructure as much as possible within the residential area to hide behind civilians. Meanwhile, about any notable losses among him from the blows of the Russian aircraft has not yet been reported. Military experts attribute this to the fact that the majority directed to Syria Russian aircraft equipped with the latest domestic developments SVP-24. The idea forming the basis for this system is to ensure that no precise homing at the target munition, but the correct conclusion to the point of dumping them unguided weapons carrier. That our system is fundamentally different from the American concept of becoming a high-precision weapons conventional bombs - JDAM. US set to free-fall bomb kits that provide them guidance to the target according to the GPS. That has turned conventional bombs into manageable. It is clear that the cost of such a bomb is significantly increased (kit costs about 26 thousand dollars), although still significantly less than the full precision-guided munitions. SVP-24 provides alignment with the location of the target vehicle adjusted for the trajectory of the bomb, which is calculated on-board computing system based on hydro-meteorological conditions and its ballistics. Thus conventional munition productivity gains commensurate with precision weapons. The developers claim that the accuracy of bombing, even from a height of five to six kilometers away can be extremely high. Tests in field conditions were given standard deviation 250-500-pound bombs on target about four - seven meters. It is clear that in a war situation imposed additional factors, significantly reduces the accuracy of the bombing. It is above all the errors in determining the coordinates of the target, which can reach several meters. No completeness of the information and hydrometeorological conditions, the state of air quality in the target area. Additional error of several meters will support the definition of the place according to GLONASS in a combat zone. Coordinates somewhat distorted at sharp maneuvers in the target area. Taking into account all these factors, you can assess the accuracy of the combat use svobodnopadayuschie bombs using SVP-24 index of 20-25 meters. In this case, the probability of hitting a small-sized protected underground facility could reach 30-40 percent, and the probability of hitting poorly protected ground targets medium-sized and can reach 60 percent. This is sufficient to carry out highly accurate and reliable engagement objectives assigned limited staff strength: even for highly secure small objects is sufficient to apply three or four bombs, and poorly protected will be guaranteed already destroyed two ammunition. This area is close to the devastation of striking targets will not exceed a few tens of meters, which is comparable to the distance between individual buildings in a typical urban environment. Thus, having a 12-16 bombs of medium and large caliber, equipped with a system SVP-24, Su-24M is capable of destroying up to two point infrastructure Islamists in one sortie. Probably for this reason, for each affected object, on average, slightly more than one sortie (do not forget that the attack aircraft accompanied the aircraft to ensure, in particular fighters). The cost of ammunition compared with high-precision weapons and bombs, equipped with a set of JDAM, remains penny. In fairness, we note that the accuracy of the JDAM bomb hit will be higher - five - seven meters. That is, the probability of hitting even in protected underground facility reaches 70-80 percent. But this is not essential influence on improving the efficiency of air operations - for the vast majority of combat missions in Syria, such precision is redundant.
The smoke can not hide
Of particular note is that the impact of bombing using SVP-24 is only slightly dependent on the weather and visibility in the target area, since it is determined GLONASS system and the work aircraft systems. That is, if the target coordinates are reliable, shock protection setting smoke screens or other means of disguise, creating clutter is impossible. However, this system has disadvantages. The most important of which lies in its dignity - the requirement to accurately determine the coordinates of the target, and it correctly classified. This implies a dramatic increase in reaction time - from the moment of detection of the target to strike at it can take from an hour or two (depending on the distance of the target from the base airfield) to a day or more. Which limits the use of these weapons only stationary objects. Probably for this reason, with rare exceptions, our air force in Syria is working to destroy the infrastructure of the "Islamic state." However, the US Air Force in Syria and Iraq are also valid for the most part against similar purposes.
Halftone punch
In Syria, the Russian air force uses mostly standard high-explosive bombs of free fall caliber 250 and 500 kilograms, and special concrete-piercing bombs BETAB-500, including active-reactive with increased capacity to overcome obstacles - BETAB-500SHP. High-explosive bombs contain a large amount of explosives - from 150 to 350 kilograms, which provides a reliable target engagement. However, large-caliber explosive bombs have significant damage radius, so they are used in Syria against the relatively large size structurally solid objects located remotely from the urban areas. Concrete-bomb capable of punching up to three or four meters of concrete slabs (depending on the quality of the concrete), are used to destroy underground facilities specially protected. Basically this command centers of strategic and operational management level, as well as large stocks of weapons.
Eyed missile
Apart from gravity bombs in Syria and occasionally used precision-guided weapons. According to reliable sources in the Defense Ministry, during combat operations repeatedly used missiles "air-surface" X-29 and X-25, both with a laser, and a television guidance system. The main carriers of such weapons in Syria is the Su-34 and Su-25. Rockets family of X-29 with a starting weight of 660-680 kg warhead has a weight of 320 kilograms. Their range of fire - 10-15 km depending on the transparency of the atmosphere. Capture target seeker is made from under the wing of the aircraft, so after starting the vehicle can maneuver freely (if the application of missiles with laser homing an external source of illumination purposes), implementing the principle of "fire and forget." Maximum accuracy with a television homing missiles achieved by visually contrasting goals. For the application of laser homing required target illumination laser, which can be carried out from the media (in this case it will be to some extent constrained in maneuver until the moment the missile hitting the target must be in the area of impact) or an external source, such as UAV. It provides a direct hit in a typical small-sized target (two to three meters) with a probability of 80 percent or more. The powerful high-explosive armor-piercing warhead at a speed of a missile in the target area of 350-400 meters per second provides virtually guaranteed to destroy it, even if it is protected by one and a half meters of concrete slabs. In this area adjacent to the target destruction of buildings does not exceed 10-15 meters. In Syria, the missiles are used to destroy a particularly protected objects located in dense urban areas, in order to avoid casualties among the local population.
Small missiles X-25, which also find use in Syria, has a launch weight of 300 kg warhead and from 86 to 136 kilograms. Recent modifications of this missile can be equipped with a tandem warhead, punching concrete floors up to a meter thick, providing a complete destruction of the object. The accuracy of - the same two or three meters deviation as that of X-29. Target Lock is also carried out under the wing of the vehicle, so the practical launch range is mainly limited to a range of GOS, which is in a clean atmosphere reaches 7-12 kilometers. High accuracy and a relatively small warhead allow the use of the X-25 in dense areas to destroy facilities located in close proximity to residential buildings without causing them serious damage.
If only they were all CABs
In addition to these samples, the Russian videoconferencing in Syria used to a limited extent guided aerial bombs. We know a few facts about the use of KAB-500L and KAB-500Kr. The first one has a laser guidance system, the second - television. Both powerful warheads weighing about 400 kilograms, containing a little less than 280 kilograms of explosives. The accuracy of hitting the target is four - nine meters - at the level of the best world standards. Reset may be performed from a height of 1,500 meters and to a practical ceiling of aircraft operations and tactical attack aircraft. Subject distance and height bomb release limited allowable flight speed and range of the carrier capture target homing (9 km). Chance of defeat even well-protected objects one such munition is 80-85 percent or more. The powerful warhead further increases the probability of destroying the target, however, and imposes restrictions on the use of such weapons in residential areas with dense buildings. Therefore, in Syria halftone CABs are used occasionally for hitting particularly robust facilities located away from residential buildings. In particular, according to reliable sources, just such bombs destroyed fortifications militants in the interests of the Syrian army offensive.
To strike at targets located in close proximity to civilian objects, our aircraft uses the latest development of the Russian defense industry - CC-250. In Syria, a bomb of this type are used with a control system, which provides guidance on stationary target according to GLONASS, like the American JDAM. However, our development has features. Firstly, it permits discharge at supersonic speed, which allows its separation from the carrier at a distance from the target in a few tens of kilometers, and provide high speed bomb of the area of impact. Second, improved aerodynamic shape allowed to achieve higher accuracy of hitting the target, which is estimated at two to three meters. In combination with the relatively small warhead it allows the use of CC-250 on the targets located directly at the objects, the destruction of which is unacceptable for various reasons. For such surgical strikes the munition and is used today in Syria.
Precision-guided munitions systems television and laser guidance can attack mobile and stationary targets without carrying out detailed exploration well in advance. This allows efficient use of CABs to quickly identify sites and fortifications defense fighters.
Of particular note is that the used of Russian tactical weapons and attack aircraft allows our aircraft do not enter the zone of destruction of MANPADS militants. And it is possible to avoid the loss gives our aviation group in Syria