A.S. De Mello – from whose autobiographical essay we have borrowed the subtitle of this chapter – writes that before leaving for Amsterdam, India’s hockey players were ‘confident that they would not disgrace themselves’. [11] At the same time they had not approached the games with any fantastic hopes. Jaipal Singh, who had a first-class degree from his native Ranchi and was then a student at Balliol College, Oxford, was appointed captain of the team. A Munda tribal from Chotanagpur, the forested plateau of Bihar, Jaipal is a fascinating character in Indian history, whose influence in later years extended far beyond the hockey field. As Ramachandra Guha writes, he later became the marang gomke or ‘great leader’ of the tribals of Chotanagpur and in the Constituent Assembly ‘he came to represent tribals not just of his native plateau, but all of India’. It was his interventions in the Constituent Assembly that ultimately led to the reservation of seats for tribals in government jobs and in legislative bodies after independence. [12] Sent to Oxford by missionaries, Jaipal successfully led a team comprising Indians studying at British universities to Belgium and Spain and had earned a great reputation as a hockey player in the UK, as is evident from his numerous profiles published in the World Hockey magazine.
When the team for Amsterdam was announced it included Jaipal, S.M. Yusef and the Nawab of Pataudi Senior, who were already in Britain. Thirteen players sailed from Bombay, nine of them Anglo Indians, to lead India’s challenge at the 1928 Olympics. [13] However, before they sailed for London, there was a last-minute alarm when it was revealed that because of insufficient funds only 11 of the 13 selected players could undertake the tour. The shortfall, contemporary reports revealed, was Rs15,000. That the crisis was serious was evident when the federation announced that in case sufficient funds weren’t garnered Shaukat Ali of Bengal and R.A. Norris of the Central Provinces would not accompany the team. In the end it was largely owing to the munificence of the sports-loving public of Bengal, who organized public collections to make up the funding shortfall, that the two players were able to make the trip. [14]
While he became better known in later life as a prominent parliamentarian and Adivasi leader, Jaipal thus describes his hockey career in the UK in his memoirs:
The effect of the tours of Indian students I conducted every year with the help of Aga Khan, ‘Kanji’ Baroda, Patiala, Bhopal and other Indian royalty was the formation of the Indian Hockey Federation. ... India decided to send a team to the Amsterdam Olympiad in 1928. I was still at Oxford a probationer for the Indian Civil Service. ... As after 1926 I could not play for the University team, I played for the Wimbledon Hockey Club. . . . As at Oxford I continued to receive publicity in the London press. [15]
In a clear reflection of how haphazardly that first Olympic team was put together, and
also of the times, he goes on to narrate the strange manner in which he was appointed
captain of the Indian team:
One early evening two Britishers, Colonel Bruce Turnbull and Major Ricketts, both of the Indian army, called at the Church Imperial Club. Turnbull was Secretary of the Army Sports Board in India and Ricketts was his lieutenant. I stood them drinks. They told me the Indian hockey team was coming the following week on its way to Amsterdam. ‘We want you to captain the team,’ I agreed but told them I would have to get leave from the India Office for absence during term time. I did not get leave! I decided to defy the ruling and face the consequences. [16]
Jaipal met his team when its boat docked at Tilbury on 30 March 1928. Having lived in England for a few years by now, he was unimpressed by what he saw as their rustic ‘untidy dress and crude demeanour’. The team was put up in a pension at South Kensington and Jaipal invited them a couple of times to the well-known Veeraswamy’s Restaurant on Regent Street: ‘It was expensive to feed them. The Indian dishes were Hyderabadi but not cheap.’ Soon after arrival the players started addressing Jaipal as ‘skipper’, though he was yet to accept the offer formally. In the first few practice sessions Shaukat Ali and Dhyan Chand caught Jaipal’s attention. Shaukat played for the Calcutta Customs and could adopt in any position. Dhyan Chand, a Lance Naik in the Indian army, had made his name in New Zealand
scoring the bulk of the goals for the Indian Army team in 1926. Dhyan Chand, Jaipal states,
was humble. He had only one pair of trousers. I took him to Austin Reed on Regent Street. We went downstairs. Trousers galore were shown. ‘Can I take them upstairs and see them in the sun?’ That finished me. I told Shaukat the story. ‘What else do you expect of a Lance Naik?’ he laughed. [17]
The Indians played a series of matches in London against leading club sides and haphazardly put together national teams such as the Anglo Irish. Dhyan Chand scored in almost every game. India’s last engagement in England was at the Folkstone Easter Festival, where it beat the English national team 4–0 and a team calling itself the Rossalians 18–0. Following these victories the British and French press in unison suggested that the Indians were favourites for the hockey gold in Amsterdam. [18] And they weren’t wrong.
‘The World’s Best Centre-Forward’: Amsterdam 1928
At Amsterdam the onus was on the hockey team to lead the Indian challenge. The athletes, Chawan in the 10,000 metres, Hamid in the 400 metres hurdles and Murphy in the 800 metres, had failed to qualify for the second round. In hockey India played its first match against Austria, winning 6–0, an encounter reported in detail at home. Already Dhyan Chand was being described as the ‘world’s greatest centre forward’. As The Statesman put it:
The Indian Hockey team has successfully surmounted the first obstacle towards the prize for which they journeyed to Europe. India defeated Austria 6–0 with the world’s greatest centre forward Dhyan Chand giving another masterly exhibition. He scored all 3 goals in the first half. After the interval Dhyan Chand scored the fourth goal. The fifth was obtained by Shaukat Ali while Gately secured the last goal. [19]
Dhyan Chand eventually scored 14 of India’s 29 goals in Amsterdam.
The very next day The Statesman published another detailed report on India’s 9–0
win over Belgium. The space allotted to the report was nearly double compared to the
first, an indication of the growing popularity of the team back home
All India followed up their brilliant victory over Austria by defeating Belgium 9–0. The point about today’s victory was it proved India can pile up goals even if Dhyan Chand does not think it necessary to improve his goal average. In his skilful manner he worked out scoring possibilities yet tapped the ball either to Feroze Khan or Marthins. Seaman, whose clever stick work on left wing has been the feature of the tour, bewildered Belgium’s goalkeeper twice. Allen in India’s goal did not have much to do. Jaipal Singh was brilliant and Penniger did all that was required of him with polish. [20]
Subsequently the Indians beat Denmark and Switzerland to set up a title clash with hosts Holland on 26 May 1928.
When the Indians trounced Holland 3–0 in the final, the press back home went ballistic. The Statesmen had an entire report titled ‘How India Won Honours’ and went on to suggest that 40,000 people went into ruptures over the brilliant exhibition of hockey displayed by the Indians in the final. It reported that despite having to reconstruct the side in the absence of Feroze Khan, who had broken his collarbone in the clash against Denmark, and Shaukat Ali, who was down with flu, India won comprehensively. [21]
Interestingly, the report does not mention the absence of captain Jaipal Singh, who had for personal reasons walked out of the team before the semi-final. This is one of the most enduring mysteries of the tour and perhaps the first known political controversy within the national hockey team. Jaipal too is remarkably silent about this discord in his memoirs, one that had raised doubts over who had actually captained the final victory–Singh or Penniger. Singh left the Olympic team on the eve of the semi-final and did not take part in the final either.
He refused to discuss the issue ever again in public and until new evidence emerges, the mystery of Jaipal and why he walked out of that first Indian Olympic victory will remain unresolved. [22]
Coming back to the victory, The Statesman report quoted above also hit on another intriguing aspect of those years of Indian dominance at the Olympics: ‘It is no empty title, for the critics are of the opinion that even if England had been competing in the Games, honours would have gone to India, though possibly not with the record of not conceding a goal remaining intact.’ [23] The colony had won in Europe but the colonizer was absent. In fact, there was a rumour in Olympic circles that England had initially entered a team for the Olympic hockey competition at Amsterdam. According to this rumour, after the 4–0 drubbing they received at the Folkestone festival at the hands of the Indians, the English were scared of losing on an international stage to their ‘colony’ and withdrew from the event. That there is some truth to this rumour is evident from Dhyan Chand’s recollections:
I reiterate that this is mere hearsay (that England dropped out of the Amsterdam Games fearing the Indians), although we fondly hoped that at least in future Olympics we would have the honour of meeting Great Britain and showing them how good or bad we were. It is my regret that this hope was never realised so long as I participated in Olympic events. [24]
The British hockey team never participated in the Olympics until 1948, by which time India was an independent nation. [25] When India beat Great Britain 4–0 in the 1948 games, it unleashed great celebrations in the newly independent nation and the win contributed to national self-confidence and self-belief. [26]
It was in Amsterdam that the legend of Indian hockey was created. Even the Dutch papers praised the team with generosity: ‘So agile are the Indians that they could run the full length of the hockey field, juggling a wooden ball on the flat end of the hockey stick.’ [27] Britain may not have participated, but soon after the win the viceroy, Lord Irwin, sent a telegram to the team manager B Rosser: ‘Please convey to Jaipal Singh and all members of his team my heartiest congratulations on their magnificent victory. All India has followed the triumphal progress throughout the tour and rejoice in the crowning achievement.’ [28] This telegram, which mentions Jaipal as captain, finally laid the captaincy debate to rest.
India scored 29 goals in Amsterdam without conceding even one, and averaged more than five goals per match. Interestingly, the Olympic hockey competition was played in May, while the actual Olympiad, including the opening ceremony and other events, took place two months later in July. As a result, the victorious Indian team did not have the good fortune of enjoying the Olympic atmosphere, the rituals of the opening ceremony and the subsequent ambience of the Olympic village.
In London, the victory became a source of great nationalist celebration for the Indian community. Indian women organized a tea party in their honour and presented them with turbans. Interestingly, as Jaipal pointed out, ‘The Anglo Indians never wore them!’ [29] They were also entertained to lunch at Veeraswamy’s by Dr Paranjpe, a member of the Indian Council. And when the team reached Bombay it was welcomed by a huge throng of adoring fans. Mole Station overflowed with a wildly cheering crowd trying to get a glimpse of the new heroes. In audience was Dr G.V. Deshmukh, the Mayor of Mumbai, who was there to accord the team a civic reception, and a representative of the Governor of Mumbai, who sent a congratulatory message. [30]
Jaipal, who had broken his term at Oxford without leave to play in the Olympics, paid a personal price for the victory. He returned to Oxford after the festivities were over, only to be confronted with angry dons. As he put it: ‘I was told that as I had broken term I would have to stay for one more year. Captaining India to world championship was no prize for the British. I resigned from the ICS and refused to pay back 350 pounds. I was not put in gaol.’ [31]
Jaipal’s resignation from the ICS after that first hockey win left an enduring legacy far beyond the hockey field. He gradually moved into politics and became the leader of the Adibasi Mahasabha in 1938. The man who had looked down in derision at Dhyan Chand for his rustic manners now became the champion of India’s tribals. He held the view that the tribals were ‘the original inhabitants’ of the subcontinent–hence the term adibasi or adivasi.
As Ramachandra Guha has pointed out, Jaipal went on become the greatest defender of tribal rights in the Constitutional Assembly and his interventions were erudite as well as spirited, as for instance when he opposed the prohibition of alcohol which had been inserted as a Directive Principle. Alcohol, for him, was part of the daily and ritual life of the tribals of India and denounced the ideas as an interference:
With the religious rights of the most ancient people in the country ... it would be impossible for paddy to be transplanted if the Santhal does not get rice beer. These ill clad men ... have to work knee-deep in water throughout the day, drenching rain and in mud. What is it in the rice beer that keeps them alive? I wish the medical authorities in this country would carry out research in their laboratories to find out what it is that the rice beer contains, of which the Adibasis need so much and which keeps them [protected] against all manner of diseases. [32]
Jaipal’s hockey adventure led to his premature departure from the ICS, but the ICS’s loss was independent India’s gain. It was Jaipal who first initiated the demand for a separate tribal state of Jharkhand, which was ultimately carved out of Bihar in 2001.