http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/featur ... 03998.html
In Pakistan, a news media minefield
In the most dangerous place on Earth to be a journalist, the media's problems are reflections of the state's incapacity.
"In 2011, Pakistan was, for the second year running, the most dangerous place in the world to be a journalist. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), seven journalists were killed in the country as a direct result of their profession - most of those were killed in targeted attacks (rather than indiscriminate bomb blasts) for having reported on particular topics.
A further four were also killed, though the US-based media rights watchdog was not able to establish a confirmed link between the victim’s reporting and their deaths, bringing the total death toll up to 11 (a number similar to that cited by the media rights group Reporters Without Borders).
To put those numbers in perspective, consider this: in each of Iraq and Libya (both active war zones during the past year), five journalists were killed in 2011, while in Afghanistan (another active war zone) and largely lawless Somalia, the death toll was two in each.
The deaths of Pakistani journalists, however, are a marker of a complex news media landscape, where reporters say that while the media is technically free, they constantly operate in grey areas, self-censoring themselves in many cases. Further, an analysis of the intricate, nuanced reality of news reporting in Pakistan reveals a landscape shaped by the strong strands of nationalism and conservatism that run through the country, as well as the economics of what has become, with the liberalisation of media ownership laws, a multi-billion dollar industry in the past ten years.
In terms of lethal dangers, too, the question of what constitutes a "risky" topic is complex. According to journalists, editors and media watchdog organisations that Al Jazeera has spoken to, the answer to the question of where dangers emanate from is quite simply: everywhere.
"There was a time when the red line used to be anything to do with the army," says Mohammad Malick, the Islamabad editor for The News, one of the country’s largest English daily newspapers. "Even if you [talked] about national security, it was taken to be akin to questioning the army's patriotism. [But] I think now instead of removing the red lines, everybody has added their own. If you write about the MQM's [a Sindh-based political party] alleged criminal activities, you're accused of being ethnically motivated. If you write about any other [similar] topic, again you are either accused of being parochial, you're accused of fanning provincialism. So everybody is hiding behind some ethnic blanket, some cultural barrier."
Bob Dietz, the CPJ’s Asia Programme Co-ordinator, agrees with that assessment.
"[The media in Pakistan is] free and vibrant, but let me qualify that with saying that they are under tremendous amounts of pressure from all sides," he told Al Jazeera. "There's been a lot of emphasis on intelligence services attacking journalists, but the fact, if you look at the journalists slain in the last few years, is that the ISI is only one of the actors that is putting pressure on journalists, threatening them and responsible for their deaths as well."
Dietz says journalists in Pakistan are under threat from everyone from political parties, religious groups, gun runners, drug dealers and secessionist movements (particularly in the restive province of Balochistan).
"Over here, because of the rampant corruption and absolute lawlessness, when you write a story against somebody, it is not a story against minister so-and-so. He takes it as a personal thing, that you have attacked his personal fortunes, you have attacked his way of life ... everything becomes personal here," says Malick.
Just last week, Najam Sethi, a senior journalist and news talk show host, revealed that he and his family had received several threats "from state and non-state actors". Hamid Mir, possibly the country’s most well-known news talk show host, made similar revelations a few days earlier.
But it is not just high-profile journalists who are in the line of fire: last month, the producers of a television news segment on how young boys were being held captive in a Karachi madrassah appealed to the authorities for protection after revealing that they had been receiving serious and credible death threats after their story went on the air......"
Gautam