Renewable Sources of Energy

[Vayutuvan]

(from the above wikipedia page more quotes)

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Current electrolysis plants are not capable of providing the scale of hydrogen that is needed to provide for a large scale power plant. On site electrolysis may be needed, then storing large amounts of hydrogen could take up a lot of space if it is only compressed hydrogen and not Liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen embrittlement could happen in pipelines, but 316L stainless steel pipelines could handle compressed hydrogen above 50 Bar (unit), which is what compressed natural gas is piped at, or wider pipelines could be built for hydrogen. Polyethylene or fiber-reinforced polymer pipelines could also be used.

Nitrous oxide
When hydrogen is burned as a fuel no carbon dioxide is produced, but more nitrous oxide is produced because of the higher flame temperature from hydrogen, a selective catalytic reduction process could be implemented to break NO₂ down into just nitrogen and water. The exhaust from a burning hydrogen reaction is water vapor and could be used as a diluent to lower the high burning temp that creates the nitrous oxide.

Corrosion
Corrosion of the turbine from the water vapor from the hydrogen flame could reduce plant life or parts may need to be replaced more often.

Fuel handling
Hydrogen is the smallest and lightest element and can leak more easily at connection points and joints. Hydrogen diffuses quickly mitigating explosions. A hydrogen flame is also not as visible as a standard flame.

[Vayutuvan]

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... via%3Dihub

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Volume 46, Issue 61, 3 September 2021, Pages 31467-31488

Review on hydrogen safety issues: Incident statistics, hydrogen diffusion, and detonation process
Author links open overlay panel
Fuyuan Yang et al

Abstract
The development and application of hydrogen energy in power generation, automobiles, and energy storage industries are expected to effectively solve the problems of energy waste and pollution. However, because of the inherent characteristics of hydrogen, it is difficult to maintain high safety during production, transportation, storage, and utilization. Therefore, to ensure the safe and reliable utilization of hydrogen, its characteristics relevant to leakage and diffusion, ignition, and explosion must be analyzed. Through an analysis of literature, in combination with our practical survey analysis, this paper reviews the key issues concerning hydrogen safety, including hydrogen incident investigation, hydrogen leakage and diffusion, hydrogen ignition, and explosion.

[Vayutuvan]

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-021-00706-6

Published: 31 January 2022
Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport
Patrick Plötz
Nature Electronics volume 5, pages8–10 (2022)

Technical and economic developments in battery and fast-charging technologies could soon make fuel cell electric vehicles, which run on hydrogen, superfluous in road transport.

[srin]

The more I read about Hydrogen, the less I'm convinced about the logistics. I think it might be much better to convert "Green" Hydrogen to a more storage friendly form such as "Green" Ammonia (if it is possible efficiently) than use in the raw H2 form.

[Cyrano]

(from the above wikipedia page more quotes)

Limitations

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This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Current electrolysis plants are not capable of providing the scale of hydrogen that is needed to provide for a large scale power plant. On site electrolysis may be needed, then storing large amounts of hydrogen could take up a lot of space if it is only compressed hydrogen and not Liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen embrittlement could happen in pipelines, but 316L stainless steel pipelines could handle compressed hydrogen above 50 Bar (unit), which is what compressed natural gas is piped at, or wider pipelines could be built for hydrogen. Polyethylene or fiber-reinforced polymer pipelines could also be used.

Nitrous oxide
When hydrogen is burned as a fuel no carbon dioxide is produced, but more nitrous oxide is produced because of the higher flame temperature from hydrogen, a selective catalytic reduction process could be implemented to break NO₂ down into just nitrogen and water. The exhaust from a burning hydrogen reaction is water vapor and could be used as a diluent to lower the high burning temp that creates the nitrous oxide.

Corrosion
Corrosion of the turbine from the water vapor from the hydrogen flame could reduce plant life or parts may need to be replaced more often.

Fuel handling
Hydrogen is the smallest and lightest element and can leak more easily at connection points and joints. Hydrogen diffuses quickly mitigating explosions. A hydrogen flame is also not as visible as a standard flame.

Matches with what a sr exec in the gases business I mentioned earlier told me few years ago.

Instead of discussing H2 from a physics and economics perspective, some of our esteemed posters immediately make it an ideological tussle and thus ensues a "tu tu may may" discussion that goes no where. Thats a bit sad since this forum can be very educative for all.

Thank you Vayutuvan garu for bringing some sanity and science into this thread.

[Cyrano]

Alstom's hydrogen powered train. It will carry H2 compressed in cylinders and then piped into a fuel cell, where the H2 is mixed with air to react with oxygen to produce electricity, which then gets stored in locomotive's batteries which then power the traction motors.

https://www.alstom.com/solutions/rollin ... nger-train

About H2 fuel cells:
https://youtu.be/QZnvVHtk2DQ

Nice to experiment like this of course, but to pretend its a "green mobility solution" with only water as byproduct is a bit dishonest. The end to end cost and environmental impact needs to account for how the hydrogen is produced, compressed, transported and filled into storage tanks on board, the fuel cell itself and its catalysers, the electricity storage batteries, the electric motors, and all the sensors and safety mechanisms.

[Vayutuvan]

Instead of discussing H2 from a physics and economics perspective, some of our esteemed posters immediately make it an ideological tussle and thus ensues a "tu tu may may" discussion that goes no where. Thats a bit sad since this forum can be very educative for all.

Thank you Vayutuvan garu for bringing some sanity and science into this thread.

That is also useless. Most of the problems are not solved by more research into Physics. There are no or very few unknowns about the Physical chemistry and chemical physics of Hydrogen. Its properties are well known.

People need to discuss the engineering, technology, and supply chain management of H economy first. Gray H comes first and Green H comes later riding on the Gray H infra, if at all it comes to pass.

Everybody thinks what they are doing is the most important thing in the world, may it be doctors, physicists (especially them), e-con-o-mists, "pure" mathematicians (they abstract away all details into category theory or some sort of open sets, bounded sets, compactness), scientists working biological sciences.

Applied Mathematicians (which includes CS folks) and engineers are the only folks who are "smart and sane".

[Vayutuvan]

...
Instead of discussing H2 from a physics and economics perspective, some of our esteemed posters immediately make it an ideological tussle and thus ensues a "tu tu may may" discussion that goes no where. Thats a bit sad since this forum can be very educative for all.
...

Cyrano gaaru, I want to point out one observation of mine re both @Amber G. and @KL Dubey ji.

I don't think it is a coincidence that both hate Trump, call him names but love DNC and their candidates in other threads here at BRF. They also push "green everything", Medical research "Moonshot", "Big Science", etc. again in other threads on BRF.

Trump is going for "drill baby drill" while cutting funding for "green new deal" boondoggles.

What I don't understand is that what came first? Whether their love for Dumbocrats is driving them to put science aside and boost Hydrogen this or cancer research that or the other way around? That they are well intentioned scientists who like Democrats.

If the former, their partisanship doesn't allow them to see what science makes good economic sense. If the latter, then they are naive at best.

[KL Dubey]

I think it might be much better to convert "Green" Hydrogen to a more storage friendly form such as "Green" Ammonia (if it is possible efficiently) than use in the raw H2 form.

That has also been done - obviously. H2 is one of the two gases needed for ammonia production, which is done commercially at a large scale. Ammonia sustains food production and also a vast variety of industrial chemicals and materials. Green ammonia is already tested for use as fuel for marine applications (shipping). There are risks also, obviously - hence the need for environmental regulations.

Also, people don't understand that carbon levels in the atmosphere need to be brought down, there will be a cost for doing this. If that cost may seem high, then try the cost of a global catastrophe starting around 2075.

A balanced and diverse approach is needed, that mitigates various factors and realities of the current world. I listed these in a post earlier: viewtopic.php?p=2634543#p2634543

[KL Dubey]

Alstom's hydrogen powered train. It will carry H2 compressed in cylinders and then piped into a fuel cell, where the H2 is mixed with air to react with oxygen to produce electricity, which then gets stored in locomotive's batteries which then power the traction motors.

https://www.alstom.com/solutions/rollin ... nger-train

About H2 fuel cells:
https://youtu.be/QZnvVHtk2DQ

Nice to experiment like this of course, but to pretend its a "green mobility solution" with only water as byproduct is a bit dishonest. The end to end cost and environmental impact needs to account for how the hydrogen is produced, compressed, transported and filled into storage tanks on board, the fuel cell itself and its catalysers, the electricity storage batteries, the electric motors, and all the sensors and safety mechanisms.

Kya phaltu ka tamasha chala rahe ho bhai

Hydrogen science/tech/economics/life cycle analysis/business cases have ben developed over decades by hard work of many people, and are now coming into their own.

Every minute detail has been critiqued, criticized, debated...and this has led to continued improvements. These details are often not available on general public media. Knowledgeable "experts in the field" do have access to the relevant information. Some key parts are proprietary or confidential. What is seen on the news are a few tidbits and end-results such as investment announcements. These are also important in their own way for stakeholders.

Whether we like it or not - green H2 has passed the stage of "cool demonstrations" - unlike several other "sustainability" technologies which are still not there yet. Ten years ago I said similar things about cool demonstrations, but then I also said that ten years later things could be different.

Nobody here is giving you information just based on "brochures". There is a surge of real investment and government support. At this point, technologists, business, and governments are going strong on H2 based on the overall science, projections, and business cases. There is realism as well. Green H2 is not seen as a "replacement for everything", it will be part of a diverse energy mix.

Instead of wasting time of knowledgeable people challenging them to debate the basics, you should simply publish your case for why green H2 should not have a significant place in India's (or the world's) future energy and chemicals portfolio. Then send it to bharat sarkar for consideration against what the H2 proponents have provided.

India has the best "criticism experts" on the planet, and has hence missed almost every innovation/technological/economic bus until Modi came along. China, on the other hand, has rapidly developed its own green hydrogen technologies and ecosystem to compete with the western countries. The same way it did for solar, wind, batteries/EVs.

What you are doing here is a fishing expedition to waste time with no useful purpose. I quickly realized this during the discussion on climate change science. The same time-wasting "show me the basics, i don't believe any of it" tamasha. And then there are some stalkers that inevitably bring in "democrats", "trump", etc. even after being blocked and also warned by admins.

What a joke you all have made of this forum!

[KL Dubey]

PS: With my concluding post on this topic above, I hope to at least sensitize BRF readers that we need to be pushing ambitious future goals, not just perpetually buying/adopting technology from others who have worked against the odds to improve them and make them competitive. Seeing everything as a "western scam" leads to complacency and aversion to any kind of risk-taking/developing new technology.

[Cyrano]

Ideology has taken over common sense and critical thinking. I don't care to convince anyone. You are free to skip my posts as I do for your's. As for other members, they are adult enough to make up their own minds.

[Cyrano]

Vayutuvan Garu,
You may be right, but why bother? Like Mark Twain said, "it's easier to fool someone than convince them that they have been fooled".

[Vayutuvan]

Vayutuvan Garu,
You may be right, but why bother? Like Mark Twain said, "it's easier to fool someone than convince them that they have been fooled".

I think there is more to it than meets the eye. Maybe they are too invested in GH (either professionally or financially through mutual funds and stocks brokerage services) and hence all this "hoo haw: and putting down other folks.

This is what I usually get from a few my (formerly engineers in Silly-valley) acquaintances, who have become CFP/CFA and offer investment services to HNI (High Networth Individuals). Silly-con is full of them.

Once they say "Very smart people looked at these issues deeply", then you can be sure that they are doing some hard-selling of front-loaded mutual funds which give these brokers fat commish.

The other type are consultants from McKinsey, Bain and Co., and such who impress folks like CBN who goes around with laptop and sell the state as a great business destination. CBN was successful and made H'bad into a Cyberabad but failed to take care of the concerns of second tier city dwellers and rural folks. He got his head handed to him by RSR.

I hope BJP stays away from those who have one leg in India and another in the US and come there bearing the gift of "Technology project consulting" and "Long-term Economic Feasibility studies".

[Vayutuvan]

@KL Dubey ji is unable to tell us whether they have skin in the game. If they were able to predict that Hydrogen economy is going to take ten years back, why didn't they act on it, I wonder. As I said, my friend started 12-15 years back and got sweat equity in this EPC company which did an IPO. He was able to cash out quite nicely.

Also there are no answers to my questions. I am will repeat them again.

1. How much money GOI is going to invest by 2030 into Hydrogen infrastructure? It is definitely not to the tune of INR 30K cr.
2. How much money private sector is going to invest in the sector?
3. How many startups are there in this sector? Are they working on development of basic technology or they are trying to do ToT from Germany, Denmark, massa, UK, Netherlands?
4. How much venture capital is there for this sector?
5. Where are the papers written by "very smart people who looked deeply" in to this sector?

They can answer these to start with instead of trying to gain some street cred using "Delhi lutyens khan market" English interspersed with and "dehati Hindi" to give an impression that they are not really as elitist as they seem to be.

Are they clones of the esteemed Haawaad E-con-o-mist SuSwamy or BJP version of Sam Pitroda waiting to step into high advisory positions of the GoI once they gain confidence of the younger set of the BJP?

[Cyrano]

^^^Did you notice the absence of any comments in the Climate change thread where UK's weather and climate org has been exposed for the scam they have pulled for years? American NOAA does the same kind of data cheating.

[KL Dubey]

"Absence of comments" is to let people go on their fishing expedition on their own.

[Vayutuvan]

Ten years back, they couldn't do better than 50-50 on the question of Hydrogen taking off or not by now. Yet they are projecting how bad it would be 2075, i..e 50 years from now.

Their fall back you ask?

Only time will tell

SOP of high priced "Business Strategy" consultants. Some of these people play a game.

1. I charge USD 1000/hr in the US
2. But I love India. So I will consult at USD 200/hr for Indian govt.
3. Get all those BA pass babus get excited and start boondoggles
4. Make name as "very smart people" who know deeply about that sector
5. Increase the consulting rates
6. Move onto another future technology
Rinse and repeat.

All these folks hate Trump because he made billions through his grift where as they are still working on their first million.

[Vayutuvan]

[Vayutuvan]

The above image is pretty interesting. That said, none of the powers that be in the western hemisphere are interested in reducing their ecological footprints yet want India and China to give up on development.

[Cyrano]

@Cyrano gaaru, we are like:


Caption: Duty Calls

Good one!

[Cyrano]

The above image is pretty interesting. That said, none of the powers that be in the western hemisphere are interested in reducing their ecological footprints yet want India and China to give up on development.

I simply can't buy the basic premise that at 400 ppm CO2 is the "only" factor leading to the "observed" "global" warming. And that human activity is the primary cause of rising CO2 levels. Though in recent years we have added CH4 and cows belching to the mix.

And to support this we have to use doctored data, combine ice cores, tree rings and what not to create "hockey sticks" to beat ourselves with, melting polar ice caps and runaway tipping points to scare everyone to death.. And any questioning is always met with invective instead of data sharing and assumptions behind the models put out in the open for free and open debate. "The science is settled" is the best response?!

[Mort Walker]

This thread has been around since May 2009, almost 16 years ago. Some of the same arguments are being made today from years ago, but I've always argued that fossil fuels have a high energy to weight ratio. Nuclear power is the only "renewable" energy source that can replace fossil fuels. In that 16 year period, coal power now dominates electricity generation in India. The percentage of energy produced from coal in India has increased from around 60% to 75%.

KOYLA IS KING IN INDIA AND SHALL REMAIN SO FOR THE NEXT 30 YEARS! All this despite the Dhruv Rathee level of analysis by RE jihadis.

I really see the need to close this thread and open another thread that is titled "CHEAP ENERGY FOR INDIA". This way people can discuss RE, including the recent potential of oil reserves in the Mahanadi, Andaman Sea, Bengal, and Kerala-Konkan could hold up to 22 billion barrels of crude oil. By comparison, the US Permian Basin holds 34 billion barrels of crude where only 14 billion barrels have been extracted.

Did people here realize Parliament passed legislation just today to make oil & gas exploration easier in India?
Oilfield (Regulatory and Development) Amendment Bill passed in Lok Sabha

Fossil fuels are happening in India for both transportation and power production. GoI knows far more than anyone on this forum about energy densities. RE will be a supplment well past 2070, and most likely through the end of this century, don't let anyone fool you.

[Cyrano]

We are engaged in a dialogue between the deaf and
A few moments later...
Mort Walks in...

[Mort Walker]

My gripe is with Nithin Gadkari. 20% ethanol? WTF man? This is a subsidy for the Maharashtrian sugar farmers. Use good potable water for fuel? The fellow learned well from Amriki senators from Iowa & corn subsidies.

[Vayutuvan]

https://www.wsb.com/speakers/?search=&c ... 73&Submit=

FILTERED BY
Environment Speakers
Environmental, Social, & Governance Speakers

Good gig for John Kerry to rake in more money on top of his being a damaad of Heinz founder.

[Vayutuvan]

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=P ... Fk3NAZCm-g

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT SPEAKERS

by Washington Speakers Bureau
Playlist 6 videos

Description

With unmatched credentials, these passionate thinkers address the opportunities of tomorrow. They encourage audiences to think radically to achieve long-term environmental stability and solve the biggest questions of our era.

See more energy and environment speakers from WSB here: https://bit.ly/2W1urHK

[Vayutuvan]

[Vayutuvan]

(I did some quick research on the organization mentioned above. Please read through)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_Energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthro ... e_projects

Criticism
There has been criticism that the coalition was announced too early, before crucial details had been confirmed. At launch, a Gates Foundation spokesman confirmed that investment professionals had yet to be appointed, named investors—other than Gates—had not publicly stated their level of investment and a financial structure had not been confirmed.[12]

Notable projects
- Blue Frontier - a startup developing new air-conditioning technologies[13]

- Verdox — carbon capture. On February 2, 2022, Breakthrough Energy agreed to join an investors syndicate providing $80 million in capital to Verdox, Inc., a startup company attempting to scale a new carbon capture and removal platform developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (ed. We have an MIT booster in BRF. Connecting the dots )—one of five carbon capture technology investments the organization would make by the beginning of the following May.[14][15][16] The Verdox, Inc. carbon capture design, created by chemical engineers T. Alan Hatton and Sahag Voskian,[17][18][19] co-won a $1 million preliminary prize along with Carbfix (co-founded by geochemist Wallace S. Broecker) from an X Prize Foundation contest funded by SpaceX CEO Elon Musk.[list 1] (ed. This is peanuts - USD 1 Million prize then they got USD 80 million from Bill Gates. I am yet to see what they have achieved with those INR 640+ cr)

- Methanol fuel cells (August 2022), conversion of methanol to electricity[25]

- Data Blanket - Wildfire drone technology start-up

- Dioxycle, a startup developing sustainable ethylene from recycled carbon emissions.[26]

- efforts to connect producers and consumers of green hydrogen.[27] (ed. Need I say anything more?!!! )

[Vayutuvan]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to- ... er-to-fuel

Hydrogen and methane can be used as downstream fuels, fed into the natural gas grid, or used to make synthetic fuel.[12][13] Alternatively they can be used as a chemical feedstock, as can ammonia (NH3).

Reconversion technologies include gas turbines, combined cycle plants, reciprocating engines and fuel cells. Power-to-power refers to the round-trip reconversion efficiency.[6] For hydrogen storage, the round-trip efficiency remains limited at 35–50%.[2] Electrolysis is expensive and power-to-gas processes need substantial full-load hours to be economic.[1] However, while round-trip conversion efficiency of power-to-power is lower than with batteries and electrolysis can be expensive, storage of the fuels themselves is quite inexpensive.[citation needed] This means that large amounts of energy can be stored for long periods of time with power-to-power, which is ideal for seasonal storage. This could be particularly useful for systems with high variable renewable energy penetration, since many areas have significant seasonal variability of solar, wind, and run-of-the-river-hydroelectric generation.

[KL Dubey]

As usual, motivated foreign posters have polluted one thread after another, bringing their partisan and/or previously discredited biases. A lot of this attitude appears to stem from feeling marginalized in the foreign countries they live in - thus leading them to adopt more radical/absurd ideologies to seek attention. Pathetic fellows.

The latest casualty is this renewable energy thread. Yet another thread infested...!!! And the name-calling on Indian posters continues unabated.

None of these posters are able to provide proof of basic competence or explanation in the relevant technical or business areas. None are able to answer even basic questions, instead they want a fishing expedition in which other posters have to "defend" everything and provide "all the information".

Indeed, one clown asks "how can 400 ppm of CO2 on its own be responsible for so much global warming?" - when this has been proved conclusively over many decades of sound science. In fact, other gases like CH4 can cause equivalent warming with much less than 400 ppm concentration. Other greenhouse gas effects are very much a part and parcel of climate change modeling - people have thought of and implemented these things. It's still CO2 that is responsible for nearly all of it.

Bharat will pursue its policies and take economic risks based on its ambitions and sound advice from many quarters. Posts from other countries spreading stupid disinformation on BRF will have no effect.

[Vayutuvan]

"Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel" --- Samuel Johnson

[Vayutuvan]

Other greenhouse gas effects are very much a part and parcel of climate change modeling - people have thought of and implemented these things.

@KL Dubey ji, are you one of those people? Do you have any experience in CFD, climate modeling, sensors technology, anything at all?

Here is something to think about.

All models are wrong; some models are useful.
For instance in George E. P. Box, William Hunter and Stuart Hunter, Statistics for Experimenters, second edition, 2005, page 440.

Maybe you are not a STEM person. Nothing wrong in that but puhleez. You are sorely out of your depth going by the sophomeric arguments you are putting forward.

[Cyrano]

No counter arguments, just name calling.

[Vayutuvan]

That has become the SOP here.

[Cyrano]

My gripe is with Nithin Gadkari. 20% ethanol? WTF man? This is a subsidy for the Maharashtrian sugar farmers. Use good potable water for fuel? The fellow learned well from Amriki senators from Iowa & corn subsidies.

It must be subsidies to favourite people. Otherwise ethanol blending is unsustainable.
Watch this:

[Cyrano]

France is usually on the forefront of the green, net zero, ecoideologic agenda. But even here some centrist pro eco MPs and Senators are seeing with alarm that the public energy policy based on giving 300B€ of subsidies for RE projects will lead to degrowth wanted by the ecologists and will quickly ruin the country to third world status. Suicidal policies and being pushed in France.

It's an eye opener if you know how to translate the discussion audio.

[Vayutuvan]

Also, people don't understand that carbon levels in the atmosphere need to be brought down, there will be a cost for doing this. If that cost may seem high, then try the cost of a global catastrophe starting around 2075.

I will leave readers with this quote from the redoubtable Yogi Berra

It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future

[Vayutuvan]

Another Hydrogen company bites the dust.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyzon_Motors

The news item is from https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/transpo ... -1-1797915

(Requires a registration to read the full article. I am quoting parts of it below.

Shareholders in insolvent hydrogen truckmaker Hyzon finally approve company’s dissolution: Around 56% of stockholders voted to transfer the firm’s assets to its creditors and end its existence as a legal entity
...
The special meeting had already been postponed on two previous occasions in February.

In the meantime, Hyzon was de-listed from the Nasdaq stock exchange, and the board pressed ahead with plans to de-register Hyzon company as a public company.

At its last set of financial results, released in November 2024, Hyzon revealed it had registered net losses of $126.4m in the first nine months of this year, against only $10.4m in sales. And in the third quarter, sales amounted to only $134,000, with net losses for the quarter of $41.3m.

The company also admitted that at the end of September 2024 it only had $30.4m in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, and $4.1m in restricted cash, with accumulated debt of $369m.

[Vayutuvan]

Some more bad news for GH.

https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/product ... -1-1798142

EXCLUSIVE | Project developer admits delays to FID for billion-dollar, green hydrogen-based fertiliser project due to cost uncertainty amid US tariffs

Atlas Agro tells Hydrogen Insight that it cannot get the cost certainty it needs for major Pacific Northwest Hub project — but stresses that it has not been scrapped

Polly Martin
Senior Reporter
Published 27 March 2025, 03:59

Project developer Atlas Agro, which is working on a $1.5bn dollar green hydrogen-based fertiliser plant in Washington state, has admitted that it will be unable to take a final investment decision that had been scheduled for early 2025 due to uncertainties around cost.

“Specifically, potential tariffs on steel and key equipment like solar panels and batteries, have made it increasingly difficult to secure the cost certainty needed for a project of this scale,” Dan Holmes, chief growth officer and co-founder at Atlas Agro, exclusively told Hydrogen Insight, referring to the company's Pacific Green Fertiliser project, which is a key part of the Pacific Northwest Hydrogen hub.