Britain’s Hindus in numbers: smart, rich and very well behaved
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/brit ... -z8knkdrxh
On Wednesday evening, three generations of the Patel family congregated beneath the marble spires of the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir temple in Neasden, northwest London, to celebrate the Hindu new year. In each of the temple’s rooms are golden statues, piles of brightly coloured sweets and candles.
“Being a British Hindu is a source of pride today,” says Shree Patel, 34, bouncing his two-month-old daughter Aashka in a sling. Shree was born in Gujarat and moved to the UK when he was six with his mother, Prit, 54. He also has son, Niyam, two, with his wife, Tejal, 31, who was born in Edmonton.
Worshippers were also celebrating another milestone, the election of Britain’s first Hindu prime minister, Rishi Sunak, who was born in Southampton, helped out at his local temple as a teenager and lit a Diwali candle on the steps of 11 Downing Street when he was chancellor. “It’s a proud moment for our multi-ethnic society, it shows that there are no barriers to your children doing anything,” Shree says.
Sunak’s appointment may be the crowning glory for arguably our most successful immigrant community — but who are Britain’s Hindus?
Bloody beginnings
England and Wales are now home to 983,000 Hindus, with London’s graveyards showing Hindus have been coming to the UK from India for 500 years.
The first big wave of Hindu migration came in 1947, after India’s independence and bloody partition, and was encouraged to plug the UK’s postwar labour shortage. Even the anti-migration hardliner Enoch Powell recruited healthcare workers from the Indian subcontinent during his time as health minister.
The second wave came from East Africa in the 1970s, when Idi Amin expelled Uganda’s Asian population. Tejal is a product of this wave. “My dad is from India but my mum is from Africa, but I do think they are connected by being Hindu,” she says. While 4,500 members of the diaspora fled to India, 27,000 resettled in Britain. A third wave came after the UK relaxed immigration laws for foreign students in the 1990s.
Indian and African immigrants protesting against racism and discrimination in London in 1952
Indian and African immigrants protesting against racism and discrimination in London in 1952
Priyesh Patel, 27, a PhD student, was also celebrating in the temple. His parents too come from East Africa and India, and he says the conditions of migration affect Hindu culture in the UK. “It’s very much ‘Keep your head down, focus on your family, on your education, your career’, because if times change, like in East Africa, you should have the skill set.”
Cities and suburbs
As with most religious and ethnic minorities, Hindus are concentrated around large cities: 47 per cent of British Hindus live in London, accounting for 5 per cent of the capital’s population. The East Midlands, with concentrations around cities such Leicester, is home to 10 per cent of Britain’s Hindus.
Yet over the past 50 years, Hindus have dispersed to most corners of the country. “There’s been a general spreading-out effect over the last generation,” says Sunder Katwala, founder of the British Future think tank. “In the next census we will see that there is a bit more diversity everywhere.” He says that after two or three generations, immigrant populations tend to become more suburban.
Indian GPs, newsagents and cornershop owners striking out into new areas helped the spread. Babita Sharma, 45, is a former BBC journalist who grew up above her parents’ shop in Reading. “The corner shop put people of colour into every white community,” she says. “It was a golden opportunity but . . . you stuck out like a sore thumb.”
Where to call home?
Hindus are concentrated in cities across England
London
46.7%
South East
15.1%
East Midlands
10.4%
West Midlands
9.7%
East
8.4%
North West
4.6%
South West
2.5%
Yorkshire and The Humber
2.4%
North East
0.6%
Chart: The Times and The Sunday Times • Source: ONS
Higher education
In 2018, 59 per cent of British Hindus reported having a degree of higher education, nearly double the 30 per cent of Christians. Only 7.8 per cent of British Hindus have GCSEs as their highest qualification, compared with 20 per cent of Christians. Just 5.5 per cent of British Hindus have no formal qualifications.
The cliché of the demanding Indian parent — as satirised in the 1990s sitcom Goodness Gracious Me — seems to have a grounding in reality. “Education was our No 1 priority in the house,” Prit says. “We understood that it provided opportunities.” Sharma agrees: “It featured heavily growing up — that was what really mattered. You’ve just got to get on with your homework — there’s no choice!”
“The reality is that many Indians [who moved to Britain] came from very educated families,” Sunder Katwala adds. “It was quite a middle-class group. The first generation didn’t get the opportunities that their kids have.” Shree’s mother Prit, for example, came to the UK 30 years ago with a chemistry degree but chose to run a shop with her husband, who had been a chemical engineer. “When we moved to this country we had a young son and had to think, ‘How can we can get the money?’,” she says.
Top of the class
Percentage of adults with degree, or equivalent, by religious affiliation in England and Wales
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
20
30
40
50
60%
No religion
Christian
Buddhist
Hindu
Jewish
Muslim
Sikh
Any other religion
Chart: The Times and The Sunday Times • Source: ONS
Moving into top jobs
The early cohorts of Indian migrants were paid poorly to fill holes in Britain’s unskilled labour market. Many set up their own businesses to escape the poor wages and workplace discrimination.
By 2012, Hindus living in London had a net wealth of £277,400 (including property), second only to the Jewish community. Hindus have the third-lowest poverty rate, behind Jews and Christians. Hindus receive the second-highest hourly earnings among religious groups in the UK behind the Jewish community, earning £13.80 an hour.
“[Our children] saw us working so hard, day in and day out, seven days a week, nearly 12 hours a day, and I don’t think they want to work like that,” says Prit, who still owns a shop. “I always said to them, ‘We are working hard so you don’t have to’.”
Sharma says: “It was about trying to provide for your family and make sure they don’t become the shopkeepers but instead they become prime ministers.”
The most recent census showed that 15.4 per cent of British Indians, nearly 50 per cent of whom are Hindus, were in professional and higher managerial roles, the highest proportion of any group. In 2018, more than 40 per cent of British Hindus were in “high-skilled employment”. Again, only Jewish people ranked higher, with British Sikhs third.
Sunak, the son of a GP and pharmacist, went on to be a banker at Goldman Sachs before embarking on a political career.
How much do Hindus earn?
Median hourly pay of employees by religious affiliation in England and Wales, 2018
Jewish
£19.22
Hindu
£13.8
Other
£12.76
No religion
£12.09
Sikh
£11.93
Christian
£11.64
Buddhist
£10.62
Muslim
£9.63
Chart: The Times and The Sunday Times • Source: ONS
Who works where?
Average estimates for proportion working in high-skilled occupations in England and Wales
Jewish
45.6%
Hindu
41.4%
Other
34.0%
Sikh
29.9%
No religion
29.3%
Buddhist
28.1%
Christian
28.0%
Muslim
21.3%
Chart: The Times and The Sunday Times • Source: ONS
Staying out of trouble
In 2021, 0.4 per cent of prisoners in the UK identified as Hindu, the lowest of any religious cohort. Those with higher- educational attainment, income and socioeconomic standing are less likely to commit crimes generally, so it may be that the low crime stats are born out of high Hindu social mobility.
Trupti Patel, president of the Hindu Forum of Britain, says the faith itself, along with strong community ties, also deters crime. Hindus tend to live in large households — 3.2 people in Britain, compared with the average 2.4 — with extended families bringing stability to young people. “If someone is doing anything bad then the whole community will stand up and say, ‘This is totally wrong, you should not be doing it’,” she says, adding that fear of shame plays a part.
Back at the temple in Neasden, Shree Patel says that for most British Hindus of his generation, nationality and religion are inseparable. “I’ve grown up in the UK and I am a Hindu and I wouldn’t be able to differentiate where my religion ends and my nationality begins.”
But the picture is not all rosy, as last month’s clashes in Leicester between groups of young Hindus and Muslims showed, with some suggesting that the rise of Hindu nationalism in India is fuelling anti-Muslim sentiment in Britain.
Barely behind bars
There are fewer British Hindus in prisons than any other religious group
Hindu
329
Jewish
467
Sikh
491
Buddhist
1,481
Other
2,037
Muslim
13,724
No religion
24,540
Christian
35,255
Chart: The Times and The Sunday Times • Source: Statista
Election winners?
While early waves of Asian immigrants to the UK identified strongly with Labour, recent elections have seen falling support for the party among Hindus and a shift to the Conservatives. Muslims and Sikhs from South Asia have stayed aligned with Labour.
David Cameron tried to diversify the Tory party to secure the voters of Britain’s ethnic minorities, who still disproportionately vote Labour. However, Sunder Katwala says that more brown faces in politics alone cannot win over large swathes of the new floating voters: “Now there is no particular identification with any party and, crucially, the Conservatives haven’t made the progress they hoped just by diversifying their front bench.” When polled, British Indians mostly say that it is “not too important” to have a British Indian MP representing their constituency.
In 2016, Zac Goldsmith’s campaign to become mayor of London attempted to take advantage of the growing divide in votes between Hindus and Asian Muslims by producing leaflets claiming that Labour candidate Sadiq Khan, a Muslim, would tax the family jewellery of British Hindus. Goldsmith was condemned and lost the campaign. “The danger of pitching to that group in the way that Goldsmith did is that [they] are quite suspicious of a pitch that looks like it’s ‘good minorities versus bad minorities’ — especially younger people,” Katwala says.
British Hindus, and Asians more generally, are an electorate that are up for grabs.