Physics Discussion Thread

[Vayutuvan]

ECG Sudarshan has a theory for quantized time.

Thanks, will look it up.

Let me link the Wikipedia page for the record.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Zeno_effect

[Amber G.]

Mass of electron = 9.109×10⁻³¹ kilograms?

Yes. (I corrected the typo - I meant .. the m_P is quite big unlike unit for time and length..)

[Amber G.]

I didn't know this. EC George Sudarshan passed away in 2018. From Wikipedia, this.

Died 13 May 2018 (aged 86)[1]
Austin, Texas, United States

Post in brf on May14 2018

Sharing sad news - Eminent Physicist George Sudarshan (1931-2018) passed away. He will be fondly remembered as a guru to many of us. He was also a family friend.

I and few others discussed his contributions many times in Brf.

He was nominate 9 times for the Nobel Prize and at least twice it was unjustly denied to him. One of the most infamous case was Noble prize for quantum representation of light - known as Sudarshan-Glauber representation was given to Glauber only. Worse aspect of this was that the the work that the Noble committee cited for awarding was demonstrably Sudarshan's work. As many eminent scientists said at that time the Noble committee can choose it's recipient but it does not have the right to award a person for the work done by another. Shame on the Noble committee and the recipient for remaining quiet even after the facts became public.
(Around that time, I have posted many posts regarding that)

Apart from contributions to quantum optics, He discovered (with Marshak,the V-A theory of the weak interaction. This was independent of Feynman and Gell-Mann, and actually slightly before them. Feynman who got lot of credit for that actually gave credit to Sudarshan. (Again this has been discussed in BRF physics thread).


http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/k ... 884743.ece

[sudarshan]

What about planck second? Does that kind of concept come up in any of our ancient texts?

I'm not aware of any instance of that in our texts, other more knowledgeable folks might have more inputs.

[bala]

ECG Sudarshan has a theory for quantized time.

ECG Sudarshan also came up with Tachyon (faster than light speed)! Sudarshan was also the first to propose the existence of tachyons, particles that travel faster than light. He developed a fundamental formalism called dynamical maps to study the theory of open quantum system.

ECG is a true physicist compared to the plagiarizer Einstein.

[sudarshan]

Let me link the Wikipedia page for the record.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Zeno_effect

Thanks. So the time quantization was proposed as a way to avoid the Zeno effect/ paradox? Basically avoiding division by zero?

[bala]

Accurate Solution to the Gravitational Bending of Starlight by a Massive Object

A century-long misunderstanding about the deflection of light by gravity based on the classical theory will also be clarified.

This China origin paper claims there is a mistake/misunderstanding made by those using classical theory, some diagrams claim that incoming ray is presumed straight and then bends. But due to gravitation there is already some bending before hitting eclipse object as example. There are some diagrams that show the correct picture. So he claims the factor is actually 4 rather 2.

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinfo ... erid=79923



BTW the paper has two references to plagiarizer Einsten publishing in Annalen der Physik, 35, 898-908 and Annalen der Physik, 49, 769-822. Transcripts https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19113401005 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19163540702 . Someone was sceptical about Herr Einstein publishing in Annalen der Physik.

[bala]

known as Sudarshan-Glauber representation was given to Glauber only. Worse aspect of this was that the the work that the Noble committee cited for awarding was demonstrably Sudarshan's work.

This egregious mistake should make the Nobel committee (filled with swedes or is it the Deep State) to go hang themselves and drown in a norway fjords and become the sturgeon's meal. Tis the most blatant racist crap, if ever there was one, chutiyas. The rest of the physics world should have had firm "Shraddha" to oppose this and all of them should have enmass resigned their jobs as a mark of protest. Karma will get those in the Nobel committee one day and it will be really bad stuff.

[sudarshan]

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 2023 NobelPrize in Physics to Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.”

Press release:
Popular information:
Advanced information

Reading through the second link. It seems it wasn't the laser itself which generated the attosecond pulses, it was the electrons within the gas. The laser was actually an IR (long wavelength) laser. The superposition of overtones from the electron transitions within the gas created the attosecond pulse trains.

So the idea is to analyze the pulse train to infer the motion of the electrons within the gas? Or is the pulse train going to be used to probe some other sample?

[Amber G.]

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 2023 #NobelPrize in Chemistry to Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov “for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots.

[Amber G.]

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 2023 NobelPrize in Physics to Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.”

Press release:
Popular information:
Advanced information

Reading through the second link. It seems it wasn't the laser itself which generated the attosecond pulses, it was the electrons within the gas. The laser was actually an IR (long wavelength) laser. The superposition of overtones from the electron transitions within the gas created the attosecond pulse trains.

So the idea is to analyze the pulse train to infer the motion of the electrons within the gas? Or is the pulse train going to be used to probe some other sample?

For the physics Nobel: ( Keep reading if interested in more technical details - but still keeping math etc symple)

These pulses are on the scale of the attosecond—a billionth of a billionth of a second.

At the atomic level, the motions of electrons take place over the course of attoseconds... so we need attosecond timescale ultrafast lasers to get clearer views of otherwise blurry atomic processes.

Generating light in extremely short pulses is not easy. For many years light pulses were stuck in the femtosecond regime. One femtosecond is 1000 attoseconds) ... good enough to resolve molecules in chemical reactions—( 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry) —but insufficient to spot the speedier electrons. The problem was fundamental: even the briefest physically achievable optical laser pulse was a few femtoseconds in length. So to get past the femtosecond barrier, physicists needed to produce light with shorter wavelengths.

One way -- a process called high-harmonic generation (HHG), in which an electron absorbs several low-energy photons and spits out a single high-energy photon. But HHG seemed to offer diminishing returns, with the number of photons that were emitted decreasing as the energy went up and eventually dwindling away ... Then L’Huillier and her colleagues fired an infrared laser through argon and saw something fascinating: instead of decreasing as energy increased, the number of emitted photons remained steady. This was really a game changer.


Within a few years L’Huillier and others in the field worked out what was happening in such specialized HHG setups. The electrons in argon were performing a complex process .. tunneling quantum mechanically away from the atom, then accelerating away from it and finally falling back into its embrace to release their energy as a high-energy photon. This would happen multiple times during an initiating laser pulse and lead to a train of ultrafast, attosecond-scale flashes of light from the gas.


Going from L’Huillier’s work on HHG to a working attosecond source...
.. Agostini created an approach called RABBIT .... Krausz independently developed a similar method his single pulses called attosecond streaking. They had a single precise autosecond range laser pulse...



Practical application are many ..

.Attosecond pulses can (may some day) control the properties of solids, turning an insulator into a conductor and back again in a flash.

- There are more fundamental implications ... more detailed explorations of Einstein’s famed photoelectric effect ( No balaji, we are not talking about Planck) .. in which a photon impinges on metal, causing the metal to emit an electron... Everybody thought that this is instantaneous, and attosecond physics showed it is not and this is triggered a lot of theoretical studies,

Per Newspaper reports:

The award came as a surprise to .. L’Huillier . She was notified, she was in the middle of giving a lecture and missed the first few calls from Stockholm. After stepping outside to take the call, she returned to the lecture, where she continued teaching without telling her students anything. “Teaching is very, very important. For me, it’s very important,” she told Hans Ellegren, secretary-general of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, over the phone during the prize’s announcement...

[Amber G.]

What about planck second? Does that kind of concept come up in any of our ancient texts?

FWIW: (Just for fun - Units mentioned in Suryashidanta etc..)


(One important and oftern used unit - in SuryaSidhanta - is 'Maha/Guru/Brihasptai year (= 12 solar years) not shown in above diagram)


Some well known units:
s. A Truti is 1/ 1687.5 of a second.

Kranti is s about 1/34,000th second.


Days , months years , 'Yugas' (Satya, Treta, Dwapara and Kali) .... Yugas grouped into four to mark a unit of time called 'Maha Yuga, , 71 such Maha Yugas = 'Manvantara'▪, 14 * Manvantaras = 'Kalpa' .(There are even names of 'kalpa's ... Our present time is s 'Sweta varaha kalpa', 'Vaivasvata manvantara', and 'Kali yuga'.

As mentioned here .. Brahma's day is a Kalpa and his night another Kalpa ... Brahma's lifespan is 100 such years (after Brahma dissolves and Vishnu goes to sleep on his Sheshnag. When He wakes up He would bring forth another Brahma ityadi...)

[bala]

Three molecules constitute a 'Tras Renu'. The size of a tras renu is equal to the size of flying dust particles as seen in a beam of Sun light falling in a room through a window. To cover the distance of three tras renus, SUN (light) takes the time unit known as a 'Triti' (speed of light). Triti is the smallest unit for measuring time.

Unit of Time: Nimesa
The Moksha dharma parva of Shanti Parva in Mahabharata describes Nimisha as follows:
15 Nimisha = 1 Kastha, 30 Kashta = 1 Kala, 30.3 Kala = 1 Muhurta, 30 Muhurtas = 1 Diva-Ratri (Day-Night). We know Day-Night is 24 hours. So we get 24 hours = 30 x 30.3 x 30 x 15 nimishain in other words 409050 nimisha. We know 1 hour = 60 x 60 = 3600 seconds. So 24 hours = 24 x 3600 seconds = 409050 nimisha. 409050 nimesa = 86,400 seconds1 nimesa = 0.2112 seconds (This is a recursive decimal a wink of an eye = 0.2112 seconds!) 1/2 nimesa = 0.1056 seconds


Indian Decimal Number System
0 – pujya, sunya
1 – eka
10 – dasa
100 – sata
1000 – sahasra
10000 – ayuta
100000 – laksha
1000000 – niyutha (1 million)
10 mil – koti
100 mil – adbhuta
1000 mil – padma (1 billion)
10 bil – kharva
100 bil – nikharva
1000 bil – brunda (1 trillion)
10 tril – maha padma
100 tril – sankha
1000 tril – maha sankha
10000 tril – samudra
100000 tril – maha samudra
10 mil tril – madhya
100 mil tril – paradha 10^20

[Amber G.]

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 2023 #NobelPrize in Chemistry to Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov “for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots.

I decided to put in in Physics dhaga -- as many of us are saying that there are six nobel prize winners in Physics this year...
(Many, even in UG Physics... have worked on quantum dots or related subjects.in physics dept)

--FWIW: Some summary:
- 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry -awarded t to three scientists for the discovery of quantum dots. The winners are Moungi Bawendi of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Louis Brus of Columbia University and Alexei Ekimov of Nanocrystals Technology in New York State.

Quantum dots are compressed balls containing electrons. Electron put it into a small space, the electron’s wave function gets compressed, it gives electrons more energy. ..The smallest dots will emit more blue light than red. Enlarging them slightly will change the color composition.

Brus and Ekimov created quantum dots independently of each other in the 1980s. And Bawendi developed the chemical solution required to fully develop them into useful materials to be used in manufacturing or medical diagnostics.

Impact: Quantum dots are common materials in television screens, where they produce a rainbow of colors. The dots are also used in solar cells and to visualize blood vessels feeding tumors in biomedical imaging. They are also expected to revolutionize the encryption of quantum information.

[bala]

Today in modern times we have kilometers, miles (mostly in US) as distance measures. But how did these measures come about? I have no idea.

In ancient India we used various units of measures, some of them were Yojana, Ashvina, and Ahanya. 1 Yojana is approx 9.09 miles. There is another interesting measure called the Deva-Rathanhya which is roughly 9.6 miles. How do we get Deva-Rathanhya? It is based on the curvature of the earth to any observer based on the visible edge of Sun’s rays in the 180 degree horizon, that is morning sun-rise and evening sun-set. The distance between them (sun rise and sun set) to an observer at a given point is around 9.6 miles. This is independent reference of distance. It does not depend on the height of the observer. This knowledge is attributable to Indian Author Mrugendra Vinod, whose background is in Computer Science and later studied the Vedas. I give credit to the original author unlike plagiarizer Einstein.

Rig Veda
Tatha cha smaryate yojananam sahasre dve dve shate dve cha yogane ekena nimishardhena kramamana namo stu ta iti

BTW the ancients had the speed of light as 2202 yojanas in 1/2 nimesa. 1/2 nimesa = 0.1056 seconds and yojana is 9.09 miles. 189547 miles per second. The most accurate figure for the speed of light as of today is 186, 282 miles per second. An error of 1.75%. How about that!

[Cyrano]

The metric system is a French contribution. Meter IIRC comes from greek metreos meaning measure (n).
It may not be far fetched to wonder if metreos itself is derived from sanskrit "maatra" which also means measure (n).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_metre

If you happen to visit Paris, make a trip to "Musée des Arts et Métiers" - which is a fantastic collection of scientific instruments over many centuries.

[Vayutuvan]

Indeed. Matra is a measure of time.

[Amber G.]

The metric system is a French contribution. Meter IIRC comes from greek metreos meaning measure (n).
It may not be far fetched to wonder if metreos itself is derived from sanskrit "maatra" which also means measure (n).

From what I know - Meter is indeed derived from the Greek "metreos," meaning measure. While it's an interesting connection, there's no direct evidence (at least I know) to confirm if "metreos" has a Sanskrit origin in "maatra." ..The metric system's roots lie in French efforts to standardize measurement during the late 18th century, making it an important French contribution.

It's conceivable that there could be a Sanskrit root, but attributing such claims (of deeper scientific meanings such as 'velocity of light') to the Vedas without a any scientific evidence would be speculative if not out-right silly.

If you happen to visit Paris, make a trip to "Musée des Arts et Métiers" - which is a fantastic collection of scientific instruments over many centuries.

Visiting the Musée des Arts et Métiers is no doubt intriguing from a historical perspective, but scientifically, it represents a piece of history. The standard 'meter' was retired long ago, and the 'kilogram' has been redefined. In fact, measurements like the second, meter, and kilogram have all been redefined with more precise and robust definitions, no longer reliant on physical museum artifacts.

This is why statements like "In ancient India we used various units of measures......yada yada.. and hence "calculated " velocity of light etc" is absurd ... and justifying that by mere insulting Einstein (or other scientists) is lunacy.

[Amber G.]

Vayutuvan - It seems that you said that you were in IITD (Physics) in mid 70's ? Sudarshan has visited IITD many times over the years around that time.. and three were people in faculty from his quantum coherence optics group from U or R (Like Prof Mehta)...May be when you get some time - give some perspective ..

[Amber G.]

Indeed. Matra is a measure of time.

From what I learned - it means measure of any small quantity ....

(and confirmed by my Sanskrit Shabdkosh) -

मात्रा (mātrā,) = “measure, small quantity”).

Noun matra (plural matras)

(music) In Indian music, the smallest rhythmic unit of a tala.
In Indian poetics and linguistics, a measure of the length of a syllable; equivalent to mora.
The characteristic horizontal line drawn above characters in some Indic scripts.
An intra-syllabic vowel symbol in Indic scripts.

[bala]

It is fashionable for the western educated so called scientific mind to dismiss anything from India, especially from the Vedas (this is allergic to them).

Once upon a time India was the leader in education worldwide (Nalanda, Taxila, Shaarda Vidyalaya, etc). Kerala school of mathematics was very advanced for its time, calculus originated there which Newton usurped. Jesuits, Greeks, Arabs, Romans were all receiving ideas from India, they tried to understand them in their own way often missing the central idea in toto. Pythagorus, Fibonacci, Golden mean (square root of 5 plus 1 div by 2), pascal triangle, decimal number system, zero, binary system, logical system (the one used in digital circuits, OR, AND, NOR, XOR), (The catuṣkoṭi is a "four-cornered" system of argumentation that involves the systematic examination and rejection of each of the 4 possibilities of a proposition (tetralemma) is lifted from Indian math), vipassana, music, dance (flamenco came from the gypsies), medicine (double serpent symbol is an ancient india symbol of tvasta), surgery and much more came from India. Show me any other civilization which has contributed to so many seminal ideas. In modern times, the entire big bang theory is in shambles after James Webb telescope and many things like infinite universes are more in keeping with what the Vedas have been saying.

Vedic LOGIC was of seven types (philosophy) - syād-asti, syān-nāsti, syād-asti-nāsti, syād-asti-avaktavyaḥ, syān-nāsti-avaktavyaḥ, syād-asti-nāsti-avaktavyaḥ, syād-avaktavyaḥ in some ways, it is indescribable.

RIG VEDA 10.129.1-7 verses tell us how the universe came about -
Verse 5
तिरश्चीनो विततो रश्मिरेषामधः स्विदासी दुपरिस्विदासी
रेतोधाआसन् महिमान आसन् स्वधा अवस्तात् प्रयतिः परस्तात्
tirashchino vitato rashmireshamadhah | svidasi duparisvidasi |
retodha asanmahiman asanna | svadho avastat prayatih parastat || 5 ||
An oblique ray cut Being from Non-being.
What was described above and what below this screen?
Above was the power of conscious intent,
Below was the strength of creative discipline

Most theoretical nuclear physicist turn towards the Vedas since their own books do not help them further in unravelling the mysteries. I fail to understand why Indians keep dissing their own past. There are many ideas that luminaries like Mendelev (Periodic table), Erwin Schroedinger, Heisenberg, etc acknowledge that the Vedas inspired their award winning ideas. If you look at a peacock feather - it has the black hole of physics depicted.

[Cyrano]

Amber G,
Please re read my post. You are attributing silliness of certitude where I expressed none of that.

Bala ji,
Gregorian calendar follows the same number of days for a week, in the same order of planets as a hindu calendar, undisputably devised centuries before. Even the modern numbers from latin have the same names as in sanskrit.

While a huge number of basic mathematical, physics concepts and tools were "lifted" from ancient hindu knowledge, where the west "stole a march" is in their expansion of various scientific disciplines from the renaissance era onwards.

While we hindus do not hesitate to acknowledge the progress made, whats rankling is the total denial by the west of the foundations on which their modern knowledge systems have been built.

Because it simply doest fit into the "mission civilisatrice" fig leaf of the colonial mindset.

[bala]

Cyrano saar, no ji for me please and thanks for the metric stuff you posted, i knew france was the author of metric system. But they simply pulled out of their hat 10,000 km for pole to equator. No issues but i could have used 100,000 or 20,000. The Indian system was based on actuals on the ground like sun-rise and sun-set. The entire Indian time keeping was w.r.t. to nakshatras. Actual sky based observation of conjunction of planets, sun, moon were used as anchor points in time, suryasiddhanta uses many. Nakshatras are a constant reference point in the moving circle of planets, sun, moon, etc. BTW the stonehenge in England is a depiction of the 27 stars of nakshatras. There are stonehenge like structures in other parts of the world, one in Russia too. The 27 stars are not each single star but a cluster of them. There is temple in TN which has the exact depiction of each of these clusters. Talking about Gregorian calendar it starts from 0 apparently when Jesus Christ was born, but there is no proof that a physical person like this existed. Furthermore the bible has a combination of stars that occurred at birth but VedVeer Arya points out that the date for such an occurence is 660 BC not 0 AD. The initial calendar was way off (almost a month) until they used the leap year concept. All of this is in C.K. Raju's blogs.

[Amber G.]

Amber G,
Please re read my post. You are attributing silliness of certitude where I expressed none of that.

STOP playing the victim! /sigh/
PLEASE!!! DO READ MY POST... carefully -- (I am describing that meter, Kilogram etc are no longer defined by 'standards' as they used to be..
this is physics - little known).. NO ONE was attributing silliness to your post. In fact, how words evolve are interesting topic. /sigh/

What is silliness -- is concluding hat just that it implies ancient knew the velocity of light or Einstein was a plagiarizer .. (To be clear, you did not say that, somebody else did)... or think that CK Raju's type of nonsense has some meaning.

[bala]

I did not make up all this shit below:

On the Einstein plagiarism: Here are two wikipedia links, please read carefully and also notice the arm-twisting that happens when the Deep State Media decides who to back.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_r ... ty_dispute
Read the section "Undisputed facts"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism ... iscussions

However, Kip Thorne also stated, "Remarkably, Einstein was not the first to discover the correct form of the law of warpage .. Recognition for the first discovery must go to Hilbert."

Also read this paper: On "Belated decision in the Hilbert-Einstein Priority Dispute"

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/ ... 4-1016/pdf

download file: 10.1515_zna-2004-1016.pdf

In summary: Einstein’s letter of Nov. 18, 1915 to Hilbert proves that Hilbert had the correct equations before Einstein. Einstein’s claim that he had the correct equations weeks earlier is contradicted by Einstein’s paper to the Prussian Academy of Nov. 11, 1915, not weeks, but just one week earlier. Since Einstein still believed his erroneous equations were correct as late as Nov. 18, 1915, it is clear that Hilbert, who had the correct equations before Nov. 18, 1915, had arrived at them before Einstein.

Einstein was not able to obtain the correct field equation in the presence of matter. Because Grossmann was unable to figure it out for Einstein.

Proof of David Hilbert's paper on field equations of general relativity was fist published on Nov 20, 1915, five days before einstein's paper..

https://twitter.com/mcnees/status/980269039963525120

[bala]

On speed of light: Sayanacharya was chief commentator on the Vedas to the VIjayanagara Kingdom around 1270 AD. He is said to have commented on the
Rig Veda
Tatha cha smaryate yojananam sahasre dve dve shate dve cha yogane ekena nimishardhena kramamana namo stu ta iti

the word smaryate means remembered. Clearly shows that Sayanacharya did not discover the value but simply recalled. Indian sages knew about the speed of light way before his time. No sophisticated instrument existed during those times, so getting an accurate value for the speed of light is not easily explainable. However if you go inwards and are in close proximity of global consciousness then all answers are revealed. In fact the entire knowledge base of this world has been known much much earlier and we are in a cycle of regurgitation/recycling of old things again and again. Much of the knowledge of so-called smart people is not due to their brains (which is material and in the scheme of things is completely irrelevant, subject to destruction), but a flash of sudden enlightenment provided by the Brahman due to the rewards of your karma.

[sanman]

US Naval Research Laboratory Funds Thin Film LK99 Room Temperature Superconductor Research

https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2023/10/u ... arch2.html

The US Office of Naval Research has provided $100,000 in funding for LK99 room temperature ambient pressure superconducting research at Chapman University.

* More description of the vapor deposition process that makes the micron(s) thick thin film which is the only material claimed to be superconducting
* They claim they get 48.9% of the lead apatite thin film as superconductive. There is also lead compounds (40%) and Copper compounds (10%).
* The new description includes some silicon in the process
* lead apatite itself is an insulator and the korean team says they need doping and defects to make it into a superconductor
* The superconductor consists of lead apatite of phases with three different critical temperatures of Tc, I~50C, II~80C, III~125C
* In thin film, only Tc I, II were seen with resistance measurement
* they say there is diamagnetism and ferromagnetism. They say both of these are intrinsic to the mixture
* they say the Meissner effect is underneath the diamagnetism and ferromagnetism. They provide the method to measure the superconducting features
* Scanning Electron Microscope pictures of all the important phases in both methods
* much more detailed measurements and graphs

Solid State Synthesis
– they’ve described this before, but now include a little Silicon in the mixture. But they don’t say how the Si got in there!
– They claim they get 48.9% lead apatite which is superconductive, with two other lead compounds (40%) and Copper compounds (10%).
– However lead apatite itself is an insulator, they say they need doping and defects to make it into a superconductor
– I am still not clear where in the solid state process the superconductor emerges.

For both methods
– The superconductor consists of lead apatite of phases with three different critical temperatures of Tc, I~50C, II~80C, III~125C
– In thin film, only Tc I, II were seen with resistance measurement, while Tc II and III were seen with magnetic susceptability measurement due to higher sensitivity

Magnetism
– they admit diamagnetism, they admit ferromagnetism. They say both of these are intrinsic to the mixture
– they say the Meissner effect is underneath these, and they provide the method to measure it
– the secret is a very low magnetic field generated by the SQUID, while heating and cooling the material
– this allows detection of the expulsion of the flux by the superconductor

[Amber G.]

Born on this day in 1885: Niels Bohr - After Einstein, perhaps the most influential physicist of the 20th century. The father of atomic physics, his influence went far beyond scientific contributions. He was a godfather to an entire generation of brilliant physicists like Heisenberg and Pauli ... virtually any great physicist in generation before me spent some time with his institute...,
Here is SN Bose with Bohr..


Photo Credit: (SN Bose Archive)

[Amber G.]

Indian-American astrophysicist and Nobel laureate Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was born on this day in 1910. One of the greatest mathematical astrophysicist of the 20th century, Chandra as he was known applied hard math to black holes, stellar dynamics, radiative transfer and other fields.


Chandra’s style was to enter a new field, exhaustively research it and write papers for a decade and culminate his efforts by writing an authoritative book about it.

The Chandrasekhar limit describes the maximum stable mass for white dwarfs; they undergo gravitational collapse into neutron stars or black holes if they exceed it. Chandrasekhar worked out the preliminaries of this limit as a 20-year-old student.

His dedication to teaching was legendary. As the story goes (and have been posted in this dhaga), he once drove 200 miles round trip to the University of Chicago in a heavy snowstorm to teach a class of just two students. In 1957 the entire class - theorists C N Yang and T D Lee - won the Nobel Prize.

As mentioned before, in this dhaga - a family friend - his whole extended family (CV Raman was his uncle) has many well known scientists.

Highly recommend his biography by Kameshwar Wali

[sanman]

Letter from Einstein referring to Zionists as "criminals"



https://twitter.com/5Pillarsuk/status/1 ... 6252995587

[Amber G.]

^^^FWIW - here are some comments - (from someone who is familiar with his work and life)..
-Einstein's views on Zionism and his relationship with Israel has been a subject of some debate but-
- Einstein was a strong advocate for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine - Israel. -- He also had some criticisms of the political direction that Zionism was taking.

Einstein's letter has been interpreted in various ways. Some say he was criticizing the merging of religious and political elements within the Zionist movement and expressing his secular and humanist views. Others say that his use of the term "criminals" was a strong expression of his disagreement with certain ideological approaches within Zionism.

But while Einstein had criticisms of certain aspects of Zionism, he remained a strong supporter of Israel and its right to exist. He was also involved in various efforts to support Israel's scientific and educational development.

As many know, he was offered the presidency of Israel, but he declined the position.
( In his letter to the Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, he explained that he was deeply honored but felt that he lacked the necessary experience and skills for such a political role)

He was a prominent figure in Israel and actively supported its development, particularly in the fields of science and education. He was a close friend of Israel's first President, Chaim Weizmann, and they shared a mutual respect for each other.

---
Important point for me: Einstein had a very positive (relationship with India, Indian scientists, and scholars. (His connection with India was primarily through his interactions with Indian scientists)

Einstein corresponded and collaborated with several Indian physicists.. his work with scientists like Satyendra Nath Bose (Bose-Einstein statics) and Meghnad Saha is well known (see some posts here in this dhaga).

He supported Indian Science/scientists, He visited India, delivered lectures across the country, warmly received by Gandhi etc..

Most importantly he was an advocate for immigration reform in the United States to make it easier for people of Indian origin - which did result Indians in USA to be eligible for US citizenship / residency etc..(In early days in USA, a Indian, even if born in USA was not eligible for citizenship like people from Europe)

I don't know if people know but - . Per Naturalization Act of 1790, restricted naturalized citizenship to "free white persons." This meant that people of Indian descent, including those born in the US, were excluded. The situation finally changed in 1950's - Einstein wrote letters and lobbied for the change ). Racial categories were removed -- and slowly more Indian scientists were coming to USA.

[Atmavik]

^^^ as a Naturalized citizen i was aware of some of this. but learnt of Einstein's role in this from ur post. Thanks !!

[Amber G.]

^^^ It is interesting to see, how things changed...from earlier generation, even famous people like Chandrasekhar has to deal with lot of racism etc... and only in 60's it became more common to find Indian scientists here in USA.

[sanman]

Has Bell's Inequality Been Breached?

Is Quantum Computing opening up a new frontier of Quantum Communication?

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-05885-0

Our work demonstrates that non-locality is a viable new resource in quantum information technology realized with superconducting circuits with potential applications in quantum communication, quantum computing and fundamental physics

[sanman]

[sanman]

most of physicists like me

Okay Amber ji - when I saw the following, I rushed here to show it to you, because I'd be very interested in your opinion on this.

If you haven't already heard, a very unusual atomic nucleus has just been discovered in Beryllium-10



So that part @ 1:27 is worth looking at again closely.

Beryllium-10 nucleus is dumbbell-shaped, looking like a pair of attached He4 nuclei with their attachment axis being orbited by a pair of neutrons.



I'm wondering if this dumbbell shape has implications for its stability/disruptability.

Since Be-10 has a low atomic number, could it possibly be a candidate for a nuclear fusion reaction?
Could it even somehow be a candidate for fission, in spite of its low atomic number?

Those 2 Helium nuclei look like alpha particles that would likely be emitted, along with the neutrons, in the event this nucleus was broken apart. But there'd be no other larger fission fragments from such an event, since there's nothing else present in this light nucleus. If it is fissionable, then perhaps its neutron emission count could be lower, similar to fusion reactions. Could that perhaps make it a "safer" nuclear fuel?

We shouldn't overlook these "oddities of nature" -- these potential "hackable exploits" that we might be able to make use of. There could/should be more irregularly-shaped nuclei like this, which may have important exploitable properties.

[sanman]

Here is the actual paper:

https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.212501

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v16/s167

[Amber G.]

Arno A. Penzias, 90, Dies; Nobel Physicist Confirmed Big Bang Theory
Arno A. Penzias, whose astronomical probes yielded incontrovertible evidence of a dynamic, evolving universe with a clear point of origin, confirming what became known as the Big Bang theory, died on Monday in San Francisco. He was 90.