Non-Western Worldview

The Strategic Issues & International Relations Forum is a venue to discuss issues pertaining to India's security environment, her strategic outlook on global affairs and as well as the effect of international relations in the Indian Subcontinent. We request members to kindly stay within the mandate of this forum and keep their exchanges of views, on a civilised level, however vehemently any disagreement may be felt. All feedback regarding forum usage may be sent to the moderators using the Feedback Form or by clicking the Report Post Icon in any objectionable post for proper action. Please note that the views expressed by the Members and Moderators on these discussion boards are that of the individuals only and do not reflect the official policy or view of the Bharat-Rakshak.com Website. Copyright Violation is strictly prohibited and may result in revocation of your posting rights - please read the FAQ for full details. Users must also abide by the Forum Guidelines at all times.
RajeshA
BRF Oldie
Posts: 16006
Joined: 28 Dec 2007 19:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by RajeshA »

Image

HINDU INFLUENCE ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY
The Odyssey of the Soul from the Upanishads to Plato
By Timothy J. Lomperis
MANY HAVE noted some strange parallels between Hindu and Greek philosophies. Did one influence the other? Or were the similar ideas spontaneous original growths? Or was a common ancestry responsible? The author examines such questions in this engrossing book. He warns us that all Hindu philosophy was not idealistic as was not Greek. But Vedantic monism ultimately came to rule the roost in India, and Plato was a major influence in Greek philosophy.

The author therefore, mainly compares Plato’s ideas with those of Hindu idealist philo­sophy. The resemblances, like Plato’s idea of the detached Philosopher-king, like the rajarshi, his three classes, almost castes, in his Republic, his conception of the nous and the Demiurge, like jivatman and paramatman his idea of doxa (appearances), very much like the Hindu maya, his three-part formulation of the soul, corresponding to sattva, rajas and tamas, his doctrine of rebirth etc all point to borrowings from India, which developed these ideas earlier. No direct proof is possible, hut there were contacts between ancient India and Greece, and the circumstantial evidence for Greek borrowing which the author brings forward with judicious care, is overwhelming. Both Socrates and Plato may have had, the author gives reasons to think, Indian contacts. In any case, the Pvthagoreans had them, as the author proves and these two eminent fathers of Greek philosophy had acknowledged connections with the followers of Pythagoras whose ideas are deeply permeated with Hindu idealist philosophy.

This is a lucidly written book, which will be of interest, not only to students of philosophy, but also to laymen interested in the deeper questions of life and its meaning.
Timothy Lomperis is a professor of political science specializing in international security and Asian studies. He has written three books on the Vietnam War: "The War Everyone Lost --and Won" (1984, 87, and 93), "Reading The Wind" (1987), and From People's War To People's Rule ('96). The latter work received the Alpha Sigma Nu Book Award for the best book in the social sciences published at a Jesuit institution from 1994-1998. He received post-doctoral fellowships at Harvard University in 1985-86 and at the Wilson Center for International Scholars at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC in 1988-89.
Interview with Timothy J. Lomperis
A_Gupta
BRF Oldie
Posts: 13245
Joined: 23 Oct 2001 11:31
Contact:

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by A_Gupta »

In the letter from Iqbal to Jinnah, quoted on the TSP thread, Iqbal wrote:
But it is clear to my mind that if Hinduism accepts social democracy it must necessarily cease to be Hinduism.
What are the roots of this idea? What are all the ways in which this idea has poisoned India?
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

He is alluding to caste system in double speak.
A_Gupta
BRF Oldie
Posts: 13245
Joined: 23 Oct 2001 11:31
Contact:

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by A_Gupta »

ramana wrote:He is alluding to caste system in double speak.
Yes, but the idea that "caste system" is fundamental to "Hinduism"? Are we Hindus no longer, in Iqbalian terms, having shed our essence?
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

Iqbal etc are nuts. They also think eating beef will make you non Hindu. So most of their beliefs are base on preconceived notions. We can discuss the core beliefs of Hindus elsewhere. Anyway all this is not germane to this thread. Take it to off topic thread please.
A_Gupta
BRF Oldie
Posts: 13245
Joined: 23 Oct 2001 11:31
Contact:

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by A_Gupta »

It is part of the idea that India has no worldview of its own; all it has is a incoherent collection of rituals, superstitions, and backward customs; it shows up in Wendy Doniger and her children; but very well, no more about it here.
JE Menon
Forum Moderator
Posts: 7138
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by JE Menon »

>>Iqbal etc are nuts. They also think eating beef will make you non Hindu.

Actually, that aptly sums it up and provides an example as well :) ... These idiots are applying the Islamic template to Hinduism, i.e. if you eat pork you cease to be a Muslim, if you have atheistic tendencies you are an apostate wajib to be qattled, or if you gain a little bit of power you will screw all the minorities - just like they do (and no, Turkey is not an exception).
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

AGupta and JEM Please continue in another thread. Not here.
A_Gupta
BRF Oldie
Posts: 13245
Joined: 23 Oct 2001 11:31
Contact:

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by A_Gupta »

The systematic way people are "harvested" by evangelists:
http://www.asiaharvest.org/pages/profil ... Walung.pdf
(PDF)
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

Again, Arun the thread is to look at the West thru non-Western Eyes aka Indic eyes. So please dont post stuff on EJs etc here. Nor Iqbal's views of India.

Thanks,

ramana
devesh
BRF Oldie
Posts: 5129
Joined: 17 Feb 2011 03:27

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by devesh »

http://quicktake.wordpress.com/2011/09/ ... americana/

What You Dont Know and They Wont Tell – Pax Americana
I have increasing difficulty in understanding what the free world means anymore.

More assassinations, covert operations, killings and bombings than by any other regime, military, terrorist - or even a criminal group. In more than 50 countries in any month. Even if we ignore the 120 that is being waved around.

2 million people in US prisons. Human beings. All of them. US has more human beings than animals in captivity. More than in any dictatorship. More surveillance cameras and telephone tapping in the US, Britain and Europe than in any dictatorship in the world.

In a conversation with U.S. Special Operations Command spokesman Colonel Tim Nye, Nick Turse — one of the great investigative reporters on military power and national security — learned something truly shocking. He found out that, on any given day, American commandos are carrying out secret missions in 70 countries. And here is some startling news — by the end of the year, that number is likely to reach 120.That’s right. You read that correctly. America’s secret commandos are carrying out operations in 120 countries around the world.

What Nick learned provides striking new evidence of a rising clandestine Pentagon power elite, waging a secret war in about 60% of the world’s nations — a far larger number than was previously acknowledged.This represents a huge expansion by the Obama administration over that of George W. Bush, who deployed “Special Ops” troops in 60 countries.As Turse points out: Without the knowledge of the American public, a secret unit within the U.S. military — U.S. Special Operations Command SOCOM — has grown into a combined force of startling proportions.

Made up of the Army’s “Green Berets” and Rangers, Navy SEALs, Air Force Air Commandos, and Marine Corps Special Operations teams, in addition to specialized helicopter crews, boat teams, civil affairs personnel, para-rescuemen, and even battlefield air-traffic controllers and special operations weathermen, SOCOM carries out the United States’ most specialized and shadowy missions. These include assassinations, counterterrorist raids, long-range reconnaissance, intelligence analysis, foreign troop training, and weapons of mass destruction counter-proliferation operations. (via How Do We Stop the Relentless Expansion of the American Empire? | AlterNet).

Just what is the idea behind this Free World, Democracy and the Rest of the Rigmarole? Just one word comes to my mind.

माया Maya.

In fact, two words. घोर माया Ghor maya .
member_19686
BRFite
Posts: 1330
Joined: 11 Aug 2016 06:14

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by member_19686 »

The making of identities

It is important that Hindus as a part of their defensive strategy anthropologize their rivals – this act of reverting the gaze on them is also critical to redress the balance of power. An important aspect of this is the analysis of the formation and the deconstruction of identities. Identities take a particularly important role in the analysis of the West, the Mohammedans and China. In particular, “soft” power-projection by the West revolves around deconstruction of others identity while reinforcing and remodeling their own through selective historical narratives. So an analysis of these processes is critical to understand the framework of the dangers confronting the Hindu. Firstly, it should be noted that Hindus are a key target for identity deconstruction. The strategy being used for this is one of cognitive dissonance. On one hand Hindu modal behaviors, tendencies and physical appearances are caricatured and discouraged as being “uncool”, whereas there is strong projection of the mlechCha mode being the “in thing”. Not unexpectedly there is some reaction to this from the Hindu masses in the Occident. Hence, on the other hand, this reaction is given official recognition via an allowed channel namely that of South Asianism. This South Asian identity is primarily aimed at deconstructing the powerful and ancient Hindu identity and replacing it with something shallow. By its very name the despicable term “South Asian” also effaces the centrality of the predominantly Indo-Aryan (Hindu) culture emanating from India to the distinct identity of Asia itself. Instead, it tries to equalize India with with many other modern states in the subcontinent and place the high Hindu culture on equal footing with the barbarisms passing under the name of the religion of peace. Hence, it is strongly advised that every self-respecting Hindu in the West eschew participation in anything that goes under the banner of South Asian and instead affirm his Hindu identity. Another point to note is that that South Asian identity has been further subverted to be used as a decoy or a means of subterfuge by the religion of peace to achieve its objectives of “stealth Jihad”. Thus, anyone adopting the South Asian identity is ultimately contributing in someway to the grand project of the marUnmatta-s.

Even as these deconstructionist forces are active on the Hindus, the mlechCha-s led by those from the madhyama mlechCha-varSha in the krau~nchadvIpa are embarking on reaffirming their own identity, which we have termed the leukosphere in these pages. At the heart of it lies a confluence of the race-based leukotestate identity with the kIlita-pretamata. The importance of this may be noted in the fact that the mlechCha-s helped the Qing ruler to annihilate the preta-mata lookalike started by the “Chinese brother of the preta” amongst the chIna-s. The mlechCha-s realized that if the demographic balance of the pretamata shifted from them to the chIna-s then it could potentially undermine their very identity. Another key aspect of this identity project is that it actually cuts across political lines in the west though its manifestations might look dissimilar to the undiscerning eye. Three major manifestations might be noted: 1) The manifestation based on the overt expression of the preta-mata. In this manifestation the superiority of the mlechCha-s is supposed to come from their adherence to the preta’s words, given their belief that the preta, when alive, was the parama-rAkShasa himself. 2) Another manifestation holds the view that the shveta-varNa-s are a superior people because they are the best in intelligence, beauty and strength of all the races. This is epitomized in the work of Charles Murray who holds that view that everything of worth in human endeavor was due to the mlechCha-s and the preta-mata. 3) The final manifestation is that of the liberals (overt or covert Marxists) who believe that they have a higher “moral standing” than everyone else. While the frank pretAcharin wishes to save the heathens by bringing the religion of love, the liberal wishes to bring to them the glories of democracy (or is it Marx and Engels gift-wrapped?) and biology-defying, society-rending egalitarianism. While these manifestations might strongly oppose each other they are rather united in their beliefs and characterizations of the Hindu and related organic civilizations (as opposed to those based on memetic diseases). So it is important to dissect this the emergence of this collective identity of the leukosphere.

Until as recently as world war-2 there were strong national identities – English, German, Dutch, American, Spanish, Portuguese, French and Russian. They had fought each other brutally, spilling much blood. There were several internal fault-lines in addition – in England the Anglo-Saxon British fought the Celtic peoples on island and eventually subjugated them with much brutality. In North America the slave-owning southern confederacy and the northern union fought with much ferocity. The Spanish and the Americans fought a major naval war resulting the loss of the former’s island possessions. When the European nations were attempting territorial claims in India they were at war with each other and lacked any unified leukospheric identity. The Hindu rulers clearly saw this situation as what it was – for instance, the peshva bAlAjI nAnAsaheb saw an opportunity in using the English to tie down French so that he could complete the crushing of the latter. Finally, there were the world wars which were essentially intra-European conflicts that spread over a wider theater. Even after that the West has still remained at war with the Russians to this date. This suggests that the leukospheric identity has a fractured foundation – much weaker than that of the Hindus. This is a point Hindus need to emphasize to turn the table on their detractors. This fractured identity of the leukosphere is also important when Hindus tackle the issue of unifying identity in the historical sense. Often Hindus whine that the mlechCha-s have divided them using the “Aryan invasion theory”, linguistics and philology and the like. Unfortunately, hardly anyone among these Hindus, who lead Don Quixotic charges at AIT and linguistics, realize that the the same linguistic gaze can be powerfully turned on to Europe. Firstly, while whole of India is unified by a single clearly defined lineage of Indo-European, i.e. Indo-Aryan, Europe has an whole assembly of IE languages which are rather distinct from each other – Romance, Celtic, Germanic, Greek, Slavic and Baltic in addition to some minor ones. So there is no common denominator for an “EU” other than being partially militarily unified under the Roman banner. Likewise, if a mlechCha tries to invoke the presence of other language families like Dravidian and Austro-Asiatic one simply needs to point to Hungarian, Finnish and Basque. After all the Basque are still fighting for their own state and want to retain a distinct identity! If the mlechCha considers the Austro-Hungarian empire a natural development in his lands then what is so surprising of Indo-Aryan and Dravidian coexisting for ages in bhAratavarSha?

In another direction they also want to imitate the making of identity in the UK by stating that “Indian” identity is the way to go, as in the assertion: “I am Indian before I am Hindu.” There is really no need for such artificial nationalism – after all an unified identity in the UK is still tenuous despite all the Anglo-Saxon attempts to subsume the Celts. Still Scotts, Welsh and Irish retain a significant strand of their ancestral identity. The Hindu does not need this — even in the periods of great regionalization, their identity allowed Hindus to crisscross bhAratavarSha as per their wishes. It should be realized that in comparison to the deep and organic roots of Hindu identity most of those which have developed in the west are relatively shallow and artificial. To apprehend their emergence let us take two examples:

1) The Germanic identity The Germanic people are one of the most expansive branches of all the Indo-European speakers. However, they developed late. When other Indo-Europeans like the Hindus, Iranians, Greeks, Tocharians and Romans were already rather advanced in their civilization the Germanic branch did not have much to show (other than the great southward invasion of the Teutones and Cimbri, a little before 100 BCE, to threaten Roman lands; the early history of the Germans is a fascinating topic which we shall attempt narrate on another occasion). However, after most of these former IE cultures aged the Germanic branch had so remarkable an efflorescence that one of their languages has become that of common usage throughout the world. But through much of the early historical period their identity was rather fractured. They appear to have identified themselves only by their tribe, though their larger phylogenetic unity was clearly visible to the external gaze of the Romans (e.g. as recorded by Julius Caesar and Tacitus). It was Tacitus who composed a famous tract the Germania giving an account of the Germans around 98 CE. Between 100-200 CE in mainland Western Europe (those of Scandinavia had not even entered the gaze of the rest of humanity) the following German tribes were recorded: 1) The northernmost were the Anglii from whom we have acquired the language of the current yuga. 2) A bit to their south west were the Frisii. 3) To their South were the Chauki, the Chasuarii, Chamavi, Tencteri, Ubii, Bructeri, Marsi, Chersuci. 4) To the southeast of the Anglii were the Langobardi (long beards) and the Reudigni. To the deep south were the Hermunduri, Marcomanni, Chatti and Mattiaci. 5) Further east, between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea were located the Rugi, Gotones (Goths), Venedi. 6) The south of the above closer to the course of the Danube were located the Burgundi, Quadi, Vandali, Cotini and the Bastarnae. Such was the throng of German peoples who terrified the Roman world. Based on Tacitus’ explanation it is clear that very name Germanus is a Roman coinage — it was originally the name of a group of Germanic tribes who invaded the Gauls from the east after crossing the Rhine and routed them in battle in what is now eastern Belgium. Having driven out the Gauls they settled there and came to the attention of the Romans, who applied that name to all the related tribes whom they were to soon encounter. Thus, the identity of most Germans of the age was that of one of the above tribes, rather than “Germanus”. The Latin Germania was rediscovered and published using the printing press in Nuremberg in 1474 CE and in 1519 CE Beatus Rhenanus wrote a commentary on it establishing the connection between the tribes of Tacitus and the medieval Germanic people. This led to the emergence of a unified German identity — in essence projecting the German commonality perceived by the ancient Romans on to the medieval people of the land. Tactitus was an objective observer and he noted the rough valor in battle of the German tribes and their generally honorable conduct. By 1848 CE these observations on the ancient German tribes were projected on the modern inhabitants of the land and became a part of their perceived glorious identity coming down unbroken from the ancient times. This found expression in constructions like the Valhalla of Ludwig-I where the artificially created pan-Germanic identity was reinforced by installing a Greco-Roman style shrine for great “Germans”. By the 1920-30s all this took an ugly turn with the political forces among the modern inhabitants claiming them to be the purest and the greatest of all races. The only evidence for an ancient Germanic identity came from a Latin manuscript of Tacitus (the Codex Aesinas) that was housed in Italy with an Italian nobleman. So the Nazi commandos tried to raid his residences to take the manuscript to Germany, but failed in the attempt. This incident in itself encapsulates the irony in the way the making of Germany identity proceeded in modern times. The English, though one of the original Germanic tribes, appear to have been shielded in part from the developments on the continent and seemed to have been left out of this creation of German identity – yet another illustration of the relative superficiality of this identity.

2) The leukosphere or white identity. In the 600s of CE the English king Oswald of Northumbria, a new convert to the religion of love decided to wage holy war on both other coreligionists like the British king Cadwalla and the heathen Saxon king Penda, a worshiper of Odin and Thor. Oswald was the victor of many brutal wars, killing Cadwalla in due course, though his holy war on the heathen Penda ended in him being hacked to pieces on the battlefield. His brutality notwithstanding he was made a saint as he had fought the heathens on behalf of the pretamata – a reminder of innate deception typical of these memetic diseases, the preta and the rAkShasa mata-s. About 100 years down the line came the dreaded German holy warrior Charles-I (Charlemagne) who imposed the religion of love with utmost brutality on other German people. Likewise, Charles waged holy wars to spread to spread the memetic disease of the pretamata to the western Slavs and the Avar khaganate. In the process practically exterminated the archaic Indo-European culture of the Germans and the western Slavs. He seems to have even found some kind of resonance with his fellow holy warrior from the religion of peace Harun al Rashid in Baghdad with whom he exchanged gifts. He is fondly remembered by the descendants of his victims as the “father of Europe” and his tall, fair, blond haired image still provides them with their ideal of a puruSha. These events encapsulate the emergence of the precursor of the identity under discussion. In essence, it was the artificial identity of the pretamata that was stuffed down the throats of the unwilling heathens of Europe. Subsequently, the same identity forged the European alliances against the Islamic Jihad. But over time it receded to the background with fragmentation and local identities taking precedence. Fast-forward several centuries ahead to when the United States was born. Its elite had their deep cultural moorings to England, despite seeking political independence from it. In its war of independence it had succeeded in no small measure due to the aid offered by France. Thus, in its very birth the US had links to European powers that had long been rivals. Within the North American continent it was at war with the natives and was being steadily settled by other European peoples. On the whole, the birth of the US was a success story – it had beaten the mighty English who were victorious against most other nations of the world. It had built a formidable navy in a short time and projected power far away in the North African coasts by smashing the Moslem fleet in the Barbary War. Its successes also lead to introspection about its own place in history and identity. Given its origins and peoples, it had no need to adopt a narrow identity pertaining to a particular European nation despite its links to Britain and France, but sought to forge a new one. In this situation, two things came to the fore – the sub-current identity of the pretamata, which had been submerged in fragmented Europe and the white racial identity. The former was particularly strong as they needed something to replace the regional allegiances of Europe to their respective kings. So the rAkShasa spelt with the capital G took the place of the king or Kaiser. The latter emerged as a result of their encounter with the “other” in the form of the natives of America who were locked in a life and death struggle with them and the slaves they had shipped in from Africa to ply on their fields. Their military triumphs against the natives, as well as elsewhere in the world, along with degradation of the Africans to a lowly position, gave them a feeling of a superior white identity. Indeed, even their great intellectuals like Thomas Jefferson, who advocated free-thinking on religion, upheld these core aspects of the developing identity. This becomes clear when one examines his “Indian Removal Plan”. His main idea was to enforce the pretamata on the natives at the expense of their own traditions and force them to adopt “Western European culture” and eventually assimilate into the white identity of the US. Failing this they were to be driven westwards or exterminated.

The events surrounding the American civil war, often acting in different directions, led to further strengthening and recalibration of the white identity. The civil war resulted in a strong sense of white identity being reinforced in the southern states. In the north while the prevailing mood was for universal rights it was not as if the white identity had been given up. In fact, non-English European immigrants, primarily Germans and Irish joined the union’s cause, providing it with the much needed manpower in the war against against the southern states. Now the important role played by these European immigrants meant that upon victory of the union they were to play a major role in the north. This again meant that the white identity was a more suitable one than an English one. In particular the Irish had earlier not been considered white enough, but now they slowly gained that status and reinforced a much wider identity based on generic adherence to the pretamata and being of lighter complexion. Even through the civil war battles to suppress and exterminate the natives of the land continued, further reinforcing the white identity as one of superiority, relative to the free tribes who refused to accept the white ways. The post-civil war period saw the rise of white movements that attacked blacks in the southern states. This resulted in blacks going north for finding better and safer work opportunities and fell in a competition with the Irish who occupied similar working class niches. This also contributed to the strengthening of white identity further. Finally, with the failure of post-civil war reconstruction and rise of racial tensions the white identity strengthened greatly and now resonated with the ideas of supremacy, which were also current in the German identity movements. However, its American flavor, instead restricting glory just for the Germans, extended it to all light-skinned people of European decent who followed the preta-mata. The strength of this identity in the US is attested by the opinions and actions of the post-civil war American president Woodrow Wilson and the roaring success of the blockbuster movie during his reign titled the “Birth of a Nation”. It also explains why the apparently genuine efforts of the American presidents like Grant and Coolidge to improve racial relationships and non-white rights were not very successful. Eventually, with the American victory in world war 2 and the conquest of Germany, this white identity (of course with the pretamata subcurrent) also came to guide the European unification and establishment of the leukosphere through the recognition of the white colonies of Australia, New Zealand and some degree South Africa as brethren.

Thus, rather than being something very deep and ancient, as some Hindus mistakenly believe, this identity is a rather shallow one of recent provenance. The shallowness of the white identity, like the modern German identity, is revealed by its need to appropriate other peoples identities and achievements as their own. The tale of how both these groups appropriated the ethnonym of my people does not need any further elaboration here. But we may turn to some other examples, namely the appropriation of Greek and Roman achievements as their own. For instance, in his work “Wisdom of the West”, Bertrand Russell appropriates Greek scientific and mathematical achievements as collective property of the west, and this indeed is the norm in modern America. Hitler thought that the yavana warriors in Thermopylae certainly had some German connection. During the height of the battle of Stalingrad he hoped his field marshal would not surrender but die fighting as a fitting enaction of the Spartans being hammered by the Iranians at Thermopylae. The same yavana-s were also claimed by the Americans who made a movie to mark their hostilities with the Islamic nation currently occupying the land of the Iranians of yore. They use terms like senate and senator emulating the Romans. Yet, no where do we find the Greeks or Roman claiming such a grand white identity. If anything Hellenistic civilization was destroyed by the founding principle of white identity, i.e. the pretamata, despite the valiant efforts of Julian (To realize the importance of the pretamata to this identity note the fact that Panjabi Americans, who might barely make the cut on the skin color metric, were still able to gain the admiration of those with leukotestate identity by converting to the pretamata).

http://manasataramgini.wordpress.com/20 ... dentities/
Sanku
BRF Oldie
Posts: 12526
Joined: 23 Aug 2007 15:57
Location: Naaahhhh

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by Sanku »

Read this, this is critical; a wonderful wonderful read (had this been posted already?)

http://www.ams.org/notices/201003/rtx100300385p.pdf

Mathematics in India
Reviewed by David Mumford

Did you know that Vedic priests were using the socalled Pythagorean theorem to construct their fire
altars in 800 BCE?; that the differential equation
for the sine function, in finite difference form, was
described by Indian mathematician-astronomers
in the fifth century CE?; and that “Gregory’s”
series π/4 = 1 −
1
3 +
1
5 − · · · was proven using the
power series for arctangent and, with ingenious
summation methods, used to accurately compute
π in southwest India in the fourteenth century?
If any of this surprises you, Plofker’s book is for
you
. In particular,
as I mentioned above, one finds here the earliest
explicit statement of “Pythagorean” theorem (so it
might arguably be called Baudh¯ayana’s theorem).

Though P¯an.ini is usually described as the great
grammarian of Sanskrit, codifying the rules of the
language that was then being written down for the
first time, his ideas have a much wider significance
than that. Amazingly, he introduced abstract symbols to denote various subsets of letters and words
that would be treated in some common way in
some rules; and he produced rewrite rules that
were to be applied recursively in a precise order.
6
One could say without exaggeration that he
anticipated the basic ideas of modern computer
science.


P. P. Divakaran has traced the continuing influence
of the idea of recursion on Indian mathematics,
7
leading to the thesis that this is one of the major
distinctive features of Indian mathematics.
Pi˙ngala, who came a few centuries later, analyzed the prosody of Sanskrit verses. To do so,
he introduced what is essentially binary notation
for numbers, along with Pascal’s triangle (the binomial coefficients). His work started a long line
of research on counting patterns, including many
of the fundamental ideas of combinatorics (e.g.,
the “Fibonacci” sequence appears sometime in
500-800 CE in the work of Virah¯anka)
It is important to recognize two essential differences here between the Indian approach and
that of the Greeks. First of all, whereas Eudoxus,
Euclid, and many other Greek mathematicians
created pure mathematics, devoid of any actual
numbers and based especially on their invention
of indirect reductio ad absurdum arguments, the
Indians were primarily applied mathematicians
focused on finding algorithms for astronomical
predictions and philosophically predisposed to
reject indirect arguments. In fact, Buddhists and
Jains created what is now called Belnap’s fourvalued logic claiming that assertions can be true,
false, neither, or both.
The Indian mathematics
tradition consistently looked for constructive arguments and justifications and numerical algorithms
Secondly, this scholarly work was mostly carried
out by Brahmins who had been trained since a very
early age to memorize both sacred and secular
Sanskrit verses. Thus they put their mathematics
not in extended treatises on parchment as was
done in Alexandria but in very compact (and
cryptic) Sanskrit verses meant to be memorized by
their students.
What happened when they needed
to pass on their sine tables to future generations?
They composed verses of sine differences, arguably
because these were much more compact than the
sines themselves, hence easier to set to verse and
memorize.

10
Indian work on Pell’s equation in the general
form x
2 −Ny
2 = c also goes back to Brahmagupta.
He discovered its multiplicative property—
solutions for c1 and c2 can be “multiplied” to give
one for c1c2 (Plofker, pp. 154-156). A complete
algorithm, known as the “cyclic method”, for
constructing a solution to the basic equation

x
2 − Ny
2 = 1 was discovered by Jayadeva, whose
work is dated indirectly to the eleventh century
(Plofker, pp. 194-195)
And on and on and on
JE Menon
Forum Moderator
Posts: 7138
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by JE Menon »

Tx Sanku... Even the review is a fantastic read. The book must be worth its weight in gold.
paramu
BRFite
Posts: 669
Joined: 20 May 2008 11:38

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by paramu »

shivajisisodia wrote:
The Paki has attained a certain degree of success in re-engineering its culture since independence, where the new generations in Paki are begining to feel quite alienated from the Indian culture, notwithstanding the popularity of Indian movies, which really means nothing, they are even popular in Central Asia, Iran, Turkey, Arabia and North AFrica. The Urdu language is being more Arabized, the clothing is being more Arabized, the food is already quite Central Asian (Panjabi food across religious lines, even before independence had major Uzbek and Afghan influences) and of course the thinking is becoming more and more radical. Their education systems has systematically and without check disseminated hatred for everything Hindu, which is really an integral part of every PAki today, which was not entirely the case with the Pakis of the partition generation, notwithstanding the violence during partition.

On the other hand look at India today. I dont think anyone today will call India a traditional Hindu society that it was even 30 or 40 years ago. Even the villages have lost their Hindu way of life and even though the number of temples in India have sky rocketed and thousands flock to these temples, outside the temples, in their day to day life, there are very few traces of traditional Hinduism left. A lot of it has to do with the "secularism" heavily promoted by the Indian government, a lot of it has to do with exposure to television and movies, which only peddles popular culture, which again cannot be traditional Hindu oriented, but the lowest common denomenator secular popular culture. It also has a lot to do with the fact that materialism and greed for money has permeated not only the middle class but also the grass roots, not only in urban but also rural areas and the inevitable result of this runaway materialism is corruption which has also permeated all strata of our society.

Therefore, if we really open our eyes and are honest with ourselves, we will realize that it is the Indians who have lost a lot more of our identity since independence than the PAkis. The Indians are fast losing their genuine "Hinduness" and the Paki are becoming more and more Islamic (unless someone believes the nonsense that Islam is not extreme Islamism and therefore PAkis are becoming less Islamic, by being more extreme). The common refrain that we use to console ourselves vis-a-vis the PAki that at least we know who we are and are secure in our identity, while PAki is not, is really a false proposition, totally baseless nonsense.

Only when we recognize this fact, will we perhaps, wake up and try to reverse this situation.
THis is a very good post and would not have put it in better way.

Unless Indians become aware of their own past and retrieve it - then it will be difficult for Indian nation to be strong.
member_19686
BRFite
Posts: 1330
Joined: 11 Aug 2016 06:14

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by member_19686 »

Christians and the Classics: War against Reason
Evaggelos G. Vallianatos
The Athens Olympics in August 2004 were as much a reminder of what
Christianity did to the Hellenes in the past two millennia as it was a celebration of the coming home of this great ancient Hellenic tradition. It was the
Christian emperor Theodosius who abolished the Olympics in the late fourth
century after its life of some 1,169 years. The Hellenes started the Olympics
to honor Zeus, father of both gods and people,
and to remind themselves of
their common culture. It was an athletic event and a Panhellenic religious
and political celebration of athletic excellence that marked the unity of the
Greek world.
Now the Olympics, which were brought back to life in 1896, have become
the greatest show on earth, having nearly nothing to do with their Hellenic
origins. The reason is that they are now tied to a different civilization whose
defi ning characteristics are Christian monotheism and money.
The ancient
Greeks used money, too, and they gave plenty of money to those athletes
who won immortality in the Olympics, but their polytheistic religion colored
everything they did, including their organization of the Olympics, which was
primarily a means of paying their respect to Zeus. Yet the people of the
West, who now own the Olympics, have the illusion they are following in the
path of the Greeks. They are not. On the contrary, Christianity and materialism have been an insurmountable obstacle in the vague Hellenic dream of
the western people, including modern Greeks living in Greece and staging
the non-Hellenic Olympics in Athens in 2004.
Western people credit the Greeks for their civilization. Yet, despite the
Renaissance, which formally integrated Greek thought into Western culture,
Christianity, an ancient enemy of Greek thought, remains as the core foundation of the Western world. In the best of circumstances, this makes Greek
thought an ambivalent value in the Western tradition.
In fact, during the
late twentieth century, an industry of anti-Greek academics became more
vociferous than ever before. So much so that a couple of American classicists, Victor Davis Hanson and John Heath, were compelled to write a book
lamenting the “murder of Homer” at the hands of elite philologists and theorists who prefer “therapeutics, moral relativism, blind allegiance to progress,
and the glorifi cation of material culture” to Greek ideas and values.
1
This
may be true, but Christianity, more than anything else, made these philologists myopic in denouncing Homer and the Greeks. In fact, Christianity, not
trivial philological pursuits, has been the fi rst anti-Greek impulse in the
West. This is particularly signifi cant now that Christianity is ready to fi ght
a war against Islam. Christianity, particularly in the United States, which is
behaving and acting like the Roman Empire of the fourth century, is reverting to its crusading fervor, preparing the ground for another wave of global
conversion and conquest.

What Christianity did to the Hellenes and their culture remains, by and
large, a secret in Western historiography.
Nevertheless, it is instructive as an
explanatory model of the origins, nature, political, and global purposes of
that religion. This “secret” Greek history also explains why modern Greece
is facing an identity crisis of major dimensions. Christianity made Greece a
palimpsest, that is, something antithetical to its very being. It forced Greece
to become a country where Christians supplanted Homer and Hellenic culture and on top of them wrote Christian stories.


In 392 Emperor Theodosius and his sons, Arcadius and Honorius, proscribed all Roman household
gods: They ordered that no person ought to, “by more secret wickedness,
venerate his lar with fi re, his genius with wine, his penates with fragrant
odors; he shall not burn lights to them, place incense before them, or suspend wreaths for them.” It is “an enormous crime” that any person should
wish to “investigate forbidden matters” and disclose hidden secrets. Those
guilty of violating Christianity’s dogma would be punished with the confi scation of their house or land in which they practiced their “pagan superstition.”
In 396, the year when Alaric smashed Greece, including Eleusis, Emperors
Arcadius and Honorius brought the Eleusinian mysteries to an end. Three
years later, in 399, the brother emperors, Arcadius and Honorius, decreed
that all remaining temples would be destroyed
: “If there should be any temples in the country districts,” they said, such temples “shall be torn down
without disturbance or tumult. For when they are torn down and removed,
the material basis for all superstition will be destroyed.” Finally, in 484,
killing Hellenic culture became state policy. Bishops and clergy punished
teachers of Hellenic studies, effectively bringing the “impieties” of Hellenism to an end.

13

An American historian, Ramsay MacMullen of Yale University, says that
the Christians silenced, burned, and destroyed Greek civilization as a form of “theological demonstration.”

16
In their theological frenzy, the black-robed
monks murdered Hypatia (circa 370–415), the beautiful and brilliant Platonic philosopher and mathematician, in Alexandria. Sokrates (circa 380–
439), a lawyer and an ecclesiastical historian, was a contemporary of Hypatia. He says that the monks “waylaid her returning home. They dragged her
from her carriage, took her to the church called Kaisareon, where they completely stripped her naked, and then murdered her with tiles. After tearing
her body to pieces, they took her mangled limbs to a place called Kinaron,
where they burnt them.”
17
The Christians dug the Greeks into obscurity and nothingness, destroying
both their spirit and the outward signs and material culture of their civilization. Emperor Zeno (474–91) plundered the precious possessions of the
Parthenon, dismantling the chryselephantine statue of Athena by Pheidias,
already a millennium old by the time of that barbarous act in 484. Zeno did
the same thing to the Asklepieion, the healing shrine and dormitories for
visitors, and temple of the medical god Asklepios on the south slope of the
Akropolis. The Asklepieion, next to the Parthenon, was the most important
institution of Hellenic culture in the Greek world. In addition, Zeno’s barbarian reach trampled the Aphroditeion, the temple of Aphrodite in Aphrodisias, a Carian polis in Asia built in honor of Aphrodite.

18

Justinian brought barbarism to Greece in 529 with his closing of the academy of Plato in Athens. Plato’s academy had been the greatest university of
the Hellenic world for more than nine hundred years. But Justinian’s Christian government offi cials saw nothing wrong in turning off the lights of civilization in Greece.
Now that they had a monopoly of knowledge, they were not
about to allow other Greeks, whom they considered mad, to have anything to
do with it. Soon they shut down all Hellenic schools in the empire.
19 With
Justinian, there was no turning back: The Dark Ages had found a booster,
and the Hellenes had found a determined enemy who launched a policy to
“extirpate paganism,” and by that he meant he wanted to exterminate them.
Genocide had fi nally found its greatest patron.


The Violent Logic of Christianization
Justinian was a killer, but he was not an innovator. He worked within a wellestablished Christian tradition stating that ends justify means: The fourthcentury historian and lawyer, Sozomen, says that the Christians routinely
destroyed the temples of the polytheists, “thinking that it would not be that
easy otherwise for them to be converted from their former religion.”

24
Augustine (354–430), a prominent Western father of the church, used all sorts of
sophistic arguments in favor of coercing the pagans to Christianity.
He also
sided with repressive legislation as that “stimulus of fear” necessary to shake
people of their negligence in seeking the Christian lord.
25
In 428, Nestorios, bishop of Constantinople, and a “furious prosecutor” of the Greeks,
addressed Emperor Valentinian III this way: “Give me, O Emperor, the earth
purged of heretics, and I will give you heaven as a recompense. Assist me in destroying heretics, and I will assist you in vanquishing the Persians.”
26
In other words, Augustine and Nestorios, the bishops of both west and east
of the Roman Empire, recommended that killing the pagans who refused to
convert to Christianity was the right state policy. In addition, since Theodosius in the fourth century, imperial laws made it a crime punishable by death
to offer sacrifi ces to the gods.

27
This meant the Hellenes would have to abandon their agrarian culture so much infused with the gods and love of nature.
Saint Nicholas started his career by chopping down sacred trees in the Hellenic community of Lycia in Ionia (Asia Minor).
28
In the Ionian Magnesia on
the Maiander River (some fi fteen miles from Miletos), peasants expressed
their piety toward Apollo by planting trees and, occasionally, uprooting some
of them.29

Lessons from the Christianization of Greece
The consequences of the Christianization of Greece were catastrophic for the
ancient Hellenes. Their Christian Greek descendants were and to a considerable degree continue to be crippled. They largely do not know who they
are; they never had a Renaissance and passed from Byzantine colonialism to
Turkish slavery to European and American domination.
European and American archaeologists excavated the most important ancient sites in Greece. Now Christian Greeks see their archaeological treasures as strictly business—
attractive tokens for tourists. They read Greek history, though the Greek histories are written by non-Greeks. They celebrate the Olympics in 2004 not
like their ancestors but like the Australians with Coca Cola as the sponsor.
In ancient Greece all wars were suspended to celebrate the Olympic games.
Now Greeks spend billions alone on “security” because the Americans and
the Israelis say so.
They are building their country using the architecture of
foreigners and ignoring their own. I visit Kephalonia, the island of my birth,
and I see nearly nothing that is Greek.
Churches overwhelm the island, and
the entire country, as well. And the Church of Greece, which owns all those
churches, retains a stranglehold on the country. Orthodoxy is the offi cial religion of Greece, written into the country’s constitution. The Church of Greece
is the largest landowner of the country, with tremendous infl uence in state
policies, particularly on how Christians view ancient Greeks.

Christianity’s greatest orator, the “golden-mouth” John Chrysostom, a
cleric who was the patriarch of the Eastern Roman Empire from 398 to 404,
preached that fi shermen, tent makers, and illiterate men were by far superior
to Hellenic philosophers, including Plato. He had nothing but contempt and
hatred for Hellenes. Their philosophy, he said, was just talk and fables without any trace of wisdom, and he declared that ancient Greek philosophers
were no better. They were full of ashes and dust, with everything about them
reeking with foulness and ulcer. Their teachings were worm-eaten.
35
With Chrysostom’s ideology becoming the militant ideology and politics
of Byzantium, is there any doubt why the Greeks were nearly wiped out?

What the Christians did to the Greeks suggests that the horrors of the
Crusades and the genocide of the Native Americans by the European settlers of North America were no aberrations in the policy of Christian nations.
Monotheism is blind, and determined because it is blind.
That is why the
current rising wave of Christian “fundamentalism” in the United States is so
unnerving, potentially tyrannical at home, and revolutionary in international
affairs. A Christian American nation, the only superpower in the world, can
now declare war on Muslim heathens and Christian heretics with nearly
apocalyptic results...
I only posted parts, full article at:

http://www.vallianatos.com/wp-content/u ... os_fpp.pdf

PBS had a good 2 part doc on the real Olympics (albeit with mistakes, for example they say women weren't allowed which was true but women had their own separate games in honor of Hera the wife of Zeus), you can watch Part 1 at:

http://vimeo.com/5059505
Last edited by member_19686 on 29 Sep 2011 09:09, edited 1 time in total.
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

So now we know where Muhammad got his ideas.

If it weren't for the Renaissiance, where the Greek gods re-emerged in the arts, Europe would still be proto-Islamist.

Renaissaince->Reformation->Enlightenment->Modernism->Post-Modernism
member_19686
BRFite
Posts: 1330
Joined: 11 Aug 2016 06:14

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by member_19686 »

ramana wrote:So now we know where Muhammad got his ideas.

If it weren't for the Renaissiance, where the Greek gods re-emerged in the arts, Europe would still be proto-Islamist.

Renaissaince->Reformation->Enlightenment->Modernism->Post-Modernism
Georgius Gemistus (Greek: Γεώργιος Πλήθων Γεμιστός; ca. 1355–1452/1454) — later called Plethon or Pletho — was a Greek scholar of Neoplatonic philosophy. He was one of the chief pioneers of the revival of Greek learning in Western Europe. In the dying years of the Byzantine Empire, he advocated a return to the Olympian gods of the ancient world.[1]
He re-introduced Plato's thoughts to Western Europe during the 1438 - 1439 Council of Florence, a failed attempt to reconcile the East-West schism. Here Pletho met and influenced Cosimo de' Medici to found a new Platonic Academy, which, under Marsilio Ficino, would proceed to translate into Latin all Plato's works, the Enneads of Plotinus, and various other Neoplatonist works.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho
paramu
BRFite
Posts: 669
Joined: 20 May 2008 11:38

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by paramu »

ramana wrote:
Renaissaince->Reformation->Enlightenment->Modernism->Post-Modernism
Renaissaince->Reformation->Enlightenment->Revolution->Modernism->Post-Modernism

They need a revolution to modernize.
Arjun
BRF Oldie
Posts: 4283
Joined: 21 Oct 2008 01:52

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by Arjun »

Surasena wrote:I visit Kephalonia, the island of my birth, and I see nearly nothing that is Greek. Churches overwhelm the island, and the entire country, as well. And the Church of Greece, which owns all those churches, retains a stranglehold on the country.
Sad fall of a once mighty, pluralistic civilization to barbaric exclusivist hordes. Like a vulture feeding on carcasses, Greek Christianity continues to market the country based on the respect its past civilization commands - while being the cause of destruction of the very same civilization.

The Greek case study is a glimpse into India's future - in the absence of right leadership.
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

Ricardo Duchesne, "The Uniqueness of Western Civilization"
Brill | 2011 | ISBN: 9004192484 | 528 pages |
This extensively researched book argues that the development of a libertarian culture was an indispensable component of the rise of the West. The roots of the West's superior intellectual and artistic creativity should be traced back to the aristocratic warlike culture of Indo-European speakers. Among the many fascinating topics discussed are: the ascendancy of multicultural historians and the degradation of European history; China's ecological endowments and imperial windfalls; military revolutions in Europe 1300-1800; the science and chivalry of Henry the Navigator; Judaism and its contribution to Western rationalism; the cultural richness of Max Weber versus the intellectual poverty of Pomeranz, Wong, Goldstone, Goody, and A.G. Frank; change without progress in the East; Hegel's Phenomenology of the [Western] Spirit; Nietzsche and the education of the Homeric Greeks; Kojeve's master-slave dialectic and the Western state of nature; Christian virtues and German aristocratic expansionism.
svinayak
BRF Oldie
Posts: 14222
Joined: 09 Feb 1999 12:31

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by svinayak »

^^^
Total bullcrap
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

Well there is anxiety that the monolith is there and need to assert the old myths to sustain.
devesh
BRF Oldie
Posts: 5129
Joined: 17 Feb 2011 03:27

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by devesh »

been thinking about this for a while now. North American settlement by Brits started in 1600. Yorktown was founded at that time. in 1860 Civil War starts. so roughly it's a 250 year time period. George Friedman (I know his mad theories, but still) extrapolates that the gradual "Reconquista" in the Southwest will start showing its affect by end of 21st century. so, North America will return to 1860 situation again.

1860 - 2100 roughly 250 year time period. so, European colonization of NA *could have* embedded a 250 year cycle, whereby the last decades of each cycle gradually unravel the established order of the cycle and leads to a nationwide conflict that decides the new order of the next cycle.
Samudragupta
BRFite
Posts: 625
Joined: 12 Nov 2010 23:49
Location: Some place in the sphere

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by Samudragupta »

What is the relationship between secularism, the state policy; and secularisation, the social process? Most conversations tend to confuse the two, moving from one to the other. However, we don't really have a clear map of how the two are related to each other. Does the adoption of secularism as a policy lead to the process of secularisation in society? Or is it the other way round? Is it possible that groups such as the Islamists who oppose secularism may be, inadvertently perhaps, facilitating secularisation?

The general understanding about the relationship between secularism and secularisation is based on a reified reading of European history. The potted version would run something like this: "Once the Catholic church was challenged there was a lot of fighting and eventually people decided that tolerance is the best way forward. They also realised that the most convenient way to operationalise tolerance would be to separate church and state, public and private spheres." There are many problems with this narrative, including questions of historical accuracy, as well as immense variations and reversals in the European experience. However, it is important here to note that in this version secularism and secularisation seem to have developed together.

Paradoxically, for the world beyond Europe the policy prescriptive has been the opposite. Since the late colonial period – and particularly for predominantly Muslim societies today – the policy dogma has been that the adoption of secularism as a state project will lead to the process of secularisation. But secularism as a separation of church (religion) and state does not make ready sense in societies where there was no hierarchical, structured church that had inherited an empire's state apparatus as the Roman Catholic church had in Europe. In the various versions of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism etc there has been no one clerical figure vested with the kind of power and authority that the pope excersised over domains now assumed within the modern state.

So we cannot assume that the lack of secularisation within these societies is due to some "lateness" on their part. They did not secularise in the way that Europe did because they did not need to. Branding them as backward was part of a colonial project but not one that we have to subscribe to today without evidence to support it. At the same time as acknowledging this, we also need to recognise that over the last century something new has happened that has led to much critical thinking about the relationship between religion and the state in these societies. This catalyst for political and intellectual tumult is the modern state. The modern state with its interest in managing individuals rather than communities tends to politicise various kinds of identities, many of which had been assumed to be private/apolitical in pre-modern contexts, for instance, gender relations, sexual preferences, ethnic and of course, religious identities.

The Islamists, or those within the larger category of Muslim fundamentalists who focus on taking over the state, are one of the range of responses generated within societies grappling with the modern state bound up with the legacy of colonialism.

Islamists are not primarily militant nor pre-modern. They are modernist in the structure of their thought, in their organisation – indeed Jamaat-e-Islami, an influential Islamist party in south Asia, was organised on the Leninist model of a cadre-based vanguard party – and in the categories and political structures that they engage with.

Islamism arose in early 20th century at a time when the state was the dominant paradigm for organising political energies. Political movements of the time from communist to fascist to liberal nationalist, and including the Islamists, were focused on taking over the state to transform society.

The Islamists are vehement in their public insistence on dislodging the idea of secularism as universal, claiming it to be a parochial, European experience – with some justification. Yet, the process of raising these and other questions about the definitions of public and private in the political arena, the fierce competition amongst Islamists to provide a definitive answer and the very structure of Islamist thought that emphasises an individual relationship with religious texts has led to a deep, conscious and critical questioning of the role of religion – a secularisation – in predominantly Muslim polities.

Secularisation is not just the increase or decrease in visible markers of religiosity or in church attendance, but also a fundamental shift in religious belief towards rationalisation and objectification. The Protestant reformers were not arguing for less religion, they were asking for more – for a continuously religious life against the Catholic cycles of sin and repentance. Yet, as Max Weber's influential work suggests, they ended up rationalising and secularising. To say all this is not to suggest that Pakistani Islamists will have exactly the same impact as the German Protestants. There can be little doubt that they will produce a very different subject and citizen because of the disparity in context.

But we can at least acknowledge that we need to understand the relationship between secularism and secularisation more clearly before we can build a universal definition of secularism. I am not arguing here for abandoning a universal definition, just for a more truly universally grounded and methodical one.
Interesting argument agree somewhat to the fact that modern Islmaism like Muslim Brotherhood and JEI was a colonial project but what is the position of the State within the Islamic theology...some school of thought which actually wants to whitewash the past murderous onslaught on civilizations have vehemently denied that there is actually any meme of State within Islamic theology...the other school predominanty the Islamists have the argued their case based on the centrality of State with their struggle.
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

X-post from Book Review thread;

Formation of Modern Germany and Bismarck 's role.
abhishek_sharma wrote:The Leadership Secrets of Bismarck

Image
Over the last two decades, a distinctive regime type has emerged across the developing world, one that scholars have come to call competitive authoritarianism. This sort of political system allows for the contestation of power among different social groups, but with so many violations of electoral fairness and so little regard for liberal norms that it cannot be called a true democracy. From Russia to Peru, Cambodia to Cameroon, such regimes are now located in almost every region of the world, and how they develop will determine the shape of the twenty-first century.

One of the best ways to gain insight into the future paths of these political systems, ironically, is to look backward rather than forward, because the past can be prologue. Wilhelmine Germany is a particularly interesting point of comparison, because it had many similar characteristics. Like many of these regimes, it, too, experienced late, rapid growth and social transformation. It, too, developed a competitive form of politics that fell short of full-blown democracy. And potentially like some of today's emerging powers, Germany had a domestic political crisis that was capable of shaking the world.

The larger-than-life figure who presided over Germany's rise was Otto von Bismarck, foreign minister and minister-president of Prussia during the 1860s, architect of German unification in 1871, and chancellor of a unified German empire from 1871 to 1890. Given Bismarck's role in German history, a vast amount has already been written about him, so one might question what more there is to say. However, in Bismarck: A Life, Jonathan Steinberg, a respected historian with a long career at Cambridge University and the University of Pennsylvania, has produced a first-rate biography that combines a standard historical narrative with an intriguing account of Bismarck as a personality.

Incorporating reflections from the man himself, as well as from his friends, enemies, and coworkers, Bismarck offers a fresh and compelling portrait of a fascinating character. Steinberg shows how the German political climate Bismarck fostered -- marked by deference to authoritarianism, an aversion to compromise, and reactionary antimodernism -- contributed to the country's disastrous course in the decades after Bismarck's fall from power. And in doing so, he indirectly sheds light on the prospects of competitive authoritarian regimes in the contemporary era. The thing to keep an eye on, it turns out, is less the character of the classes rising from below than the willingness of elites at the top to loosen their grip on power.

BISMARCK'S POLITICAL GENIUS

Bismarck was born in 1815 to that stratum of Prussian nobility, the Junkers, that combined hardscrabble farming in the rye belt east of the Elbe River with an ethic of disciplined and often militarized service to the Hohenzollerns, Prussia's ruling family. He was educated, witty, and highly intelligent (although not an intellectual). Like many Junkers, his politics were reactionary; he was antidemocratic, antisocialist, anti-Catholic, and anti-Semitic.

Bismarck first rose to prominence during the revolutions of 1848, when nationalist and democratic uprisings challenged Europe's political status quo. As a new member of the Prussian legislature, he forcefully defended the monarchy's desire for unfettered executive power. Thanks in part to his maneuvering then and later, the dynasty survived the tumult and went on to rule for seven more decades -- a period during which Prussia unified Germany around it and blossomed into an industrial and military powerhouse.

Germany's economic development was relatively late by European standards. Social scientists such as Alexander Gerschenkron and Barrington Moore have noted that its embrace of capitalist modernity and rise to power were predicated on a new pattern of authoritarian development -- in Moore's words, a "revolution from above." This meant using industrial policy to push development in those sectors that enhanced state power and simultaneously suppressing or co-opting all political opposition. In order to catch up with the more advanced economies of the West, the government protected heavy industries essential to the nation's military strength, as well as Junker agriculture, with tariffs.

The transformation of a largely agrarian and rural society into an industrial and urban one always involves major changes in social structure. Social change, in turn, almost inevitably leads to the rise of new political actors demanding a voice and a share of power. Although Steinberg does not dwell on the larger socioeconomic or theoretical picture, he does a good job of presenting the specifics of how this story played out in the German case. The success of the German economy led to the expansion of three groups: the bourgeoisie, the middle class, and the working class. These groups challenged Junker dominance through the Catholic Center Party, various liberal parties, and the Social Democratic Party. Ultimately, following Germany's defeat in World War I, these parties would abolish the empire and declare a republic. But Bismarck, by playing these forces off one another and selectively granting policy concessions, managed to keep them at bay for decades.

Nondemocratic regimes that try to manage their publics by simulating democracy have to walk a fine line. Establishing a veneer of democratic institutions, such as elections, can allow traditional or dictatorial rulers to incorporate rising groups into the political process without fully empowering them, thus stabilizing an existing regime and giving it some popular legitimacy. If elections are too obviously a sham and legislatures too obviously impotent, however, their hollowness can spur demands for progress toward real democracy, increasing rather than decreasing the regime's political problems.

{Lessons for Arab Spring dictatorships}

The imperial German political system grappled continuously with this tension. It featured a monarch, the kaiser, who appointed the chancellor, the head of government. But it also featured a bicameral parliament, with the powerful lower house, the Reichstag, elected competitively through universal male suffrage. It was here that new social forces in Germany could give voice to their concerns. During his two decades as chancellor, Bismarck reported directly to the sovereign rather than the public at large, but he needed the consent of a majority in the Reichstag in order to pass budgets and other legislation.

The politics that played out in the Reichstag were real. The monarchy could not count on automatic support for all of its policies. It lost battles from time to time, and it was forced to compromise with legislative factions. Despite these constraints, Bismarck outmatched all his competitors in domestic politics, as in foreign policy, by practicing a style of politics similar to that used in competitive authoritarian regimes today.

SUPPRESSION AND CO-OPTATION

Bismarck's strategy was to weaken his opponents through authoritarian suppression while building temporary political coalitions in order to enact his preferred legislation. The skillful execution of this strategy allowed him to keep control over the legislative agenda for 20 years, despite his lack of a natural parliamentary majority and the growing power of the middle and working classes.

His favorite move was to divide and conquer, turning his ire on the Catholics, the liberals, and the Social Democrats in turn. The first of these maneuvers, the Kulturkampf of the 1870s, was directed against the third of the Prussian population that was Catholic. Bismarck saw Catholics and the clergy as potential fifth columnists who could be manipulated by Catholic Austria (which he had kept out of the empire) and the Vatican. He was able to put strong anticlerical measures in place by securing the support of conservatives and liberals. This worked for a while, but in the long run, the Center Party's strength continued to grow, and many of its leaders came to believe that constitutional democracy would protect their interests better than the monarchy.

The Kulturkampf was followed by the Anti-Socialist Laws. After two failed assassination attempts on the kaiser in 1878, Bismarck was able to convince both conservatives and liberals to pass restrictions on the rapidly growing socialist movement, denying socialists the right to publish or assemble. Even as he pressured the working class' formal political representatives, however, Bismarck tried to gain the support of workers themselves by sponsoring an array of pioneering social welfare legislation -- health insurance (1883), accident insurance (1884), and retirement pensions (1889). He was among the first to understand, in other words, that authoritarian regimes can legitimize themselves by lifting their citizens out of poverty and providing some security against economic uncertainty. Here, too, the strategy worked in the short run but failed over time, as the Social Democrats continued to grow, becoming Germany's largest political party in 1912. In 1890, following Bismarck's dismissal, the Reichstag allowed the Anti-Socialist Laws to lapse.

As for the liberals, Bismarck repeatedly sought their help for his moves against the Catholics and workers, but his larger relationship with them blew hot and cold, particularly on the issue of free trade (which they supported and he did not). And toward the end of his term, he turned against them, too, using rising anti-Semitism as a weapon. Like many Junkers and conservatives, Bismarck rejected modernity and capitalism as a Jewish plot to gain power and upset the natural order of society. Over the course of the third quarter of the century, this sort of anti-Semitism gathered steam in Germany. Bismarck did not drive the movement, but he was happy to profit from it, permitting attacks on prominent Jewish liberals as a way of weakening and cowing liberalism as a political force.

Bismarck's success in domestic political combat enabled him to remain in control of the Reich and enact the foreign and industrial policies that ensured Germany's status as a great power. His example seemed to show that illiberal politics could achieve results that matched or exceeded the results of liberal political institutions elsewhere in the West -- and his contemporaries took note, making "revolution from above" an attractive option for other autocrats, not unlike the so-called China model today.

IS COMPETITIVE AUTHORITARIANISM SUSTAINABLE?

Many ambitious politicians in developing countries today, such as Vladimir Putin in Russia and Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, have adopted some aspects of democratic political systems, allowing parties, elections, constitutions, and the like, while harassing their opponents and finding ways to keep power in their own hands. This might well end up being the outcome of the political turmoil in many of the countries that experienced the Arab Spring, such as Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. And even some democracies have slid backward in their practices, with leaders such as Viktor Orbán in Hungary and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey using their power to throw unfair obstacles in the way of their political rivals. Some relatively stable authoritarian regimes, meanwhile, such as China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam, owe their success in part to their ability to enhance the welfare of their populations. Whether they realize it or not, all these regimes are following in Bismarck's footsteps.

Lifting populations out of poverty is clearly a good thing. In the second half of the nineteenth century, as Germany became an economic and military powerhouse, the country's standard of living rose appreciably, and it became a world leader in science, the arts, technology, and education. But in creating a powerful and authoritarian state to attain his goals, Bismarck retarded the political development of the society around it. Through his continuous and contemptuous manipulation of parliament, suppression of dynamic new political forces, and intolerance of all independent sources of intelligence and authority, he denied Germany exactly what it needed to govern itself successfully over the long term: a well-developed parliamentary tradition and robust political parties capable of providing effective leadership. The sociologist Max Weber's classic analysis of Germany's limited democratic prospects at the end of the empire, which Steinberg appropriately highlights and appreciates, should be sobering reading for fans of competitive authoritarians in the developing world today.

To be sure, there are also some grounds for optimism. In her important study Practicing Democracy, the historian Margaret Anderson offers a significantly less gloomy interpretation of imperial Germany's ultimate political trajectory. She paints a picture of a country in which 40 years of competitive politics produced a thriving civil society, a well-established party system, and a vibrant public sphere. Anderson argues that Germany may well have evolved naturally in the direction of real democracy were it not for World War I and the Carthaginian peace that followed. And other scholars have made similar points about less than fully democratic political development in mid-nineteenth-century France and contemporary Africa and other cases with similar features.

The crux of this debate is whether competitive authoritarianism can serve as a useful halfway house toward a better political future -- whether institutions that offer some form of open contestation, even if seriously flawed, inculcate good habits that eventually facilitate the emergence of liberal democracy or whether they constitute a detour away from it.

Here, too, the German case has lessons to teach, if one extends the discussion from Bismarck's era to the decades that followed, and particularly to World War I itself. Anderson, for example, may be correct that Germany was on a path to evolve in a democratic direction in the early decades of the twentieth century. But many would argue that it was precisely in order to head off such an outcome that conservative German elites were prepared to act so aggressively during the run-up to war and accept the terrible risks of an expansionist foreign policy. Bismarck's wars of German unification had helped stymie the reformist impulses of the liberals, after all, so it was not crazy to think that a new round of expansionism might cause the opposing parties to fall into line this time around -- which, in fact, they did for the first three years of the war, until the full economic brunt of failure began to be felt.

Competitive authoritarian political systems, like imperial Germany's hybrid of monarchy and parliamentary rule, might contain the seeds of future democracies. However, for this to occur, the elites that benefit from competitive authoritarianism need to be willing to let the electoral process play out to its conclusion. They have to accept a loss of control over the outcome of elections, the need to compete fairly with newly empowered political forces, and the prospect of ultimately sharing or even losing power. The willingness of local elites to cope with the uncertainty of fully competitive politics will thus be the ultimate factor in determining whether competitive authoritarianism proves a way station in democratic development or a safe house for autocrats.
sanjaykumar
BRF Oldie
Posts: 6557
Joined: 16 Oct 2005 05:51

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by sanjaykumar »

Here is a non- Western viewpoint, or is it?

The Economics, Politics,
And Ethics Of Non-Violence

By Radha D’Souza

Do read it. An apologia for good violence. And this gem-a good thing that idiots from India do not need to read American history to teach at the University of Westminster.


The Indian armed forces are the fourth largest in the world. Unlike the United State, the Indian military has been used primarily against the Indian people: against Kashmiris, Nagas, Assamese, North-eastern peoples, Muslims, Dalits, Adivasis, or… Maoists. This is a fundamental difference between capitalist nations like the US, and India. The Indian state must colonise its own people to remain affiliated to the military-industrial-finance-media complex that rules. Is the price worth it? The NDTVs and the CNN-IBN journalists are too terrified to pose this question to the ministers of the Indian state as Lesley Stahl did with Madlinene Albright. Understandably so. Colonising one’s own people is far more terrifying than colonising all those “out there” somewhere.


Is it Christianity that colonises the third world mind of the such converts? Or is it incidental? I pose that question in all humility.
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

Sanjaykumar, Ms DSouza's book is about India and not about the West.
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

David Wengrow - What Makes Civilization?: The Ancient Near East and the Future of the West
Publisher: Oxfоrd Univеrsity Prеss | 2010-07-15 | ISBN: 0192805800 | 224 pages |
Renowned archaeologist David Wengrow creates here a vivid new account of the "birth of civilization" in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, bringing together within a unified history the first two nations where people created cities, kingdoms, and monumental temples to the gods. But civilization, Wengrow argues, is not exclusively about large-scale settlements and endeavors. Just as important are the ordinary but fundamental practices of everyday life, such as cooking, running a home, and cleaning the body. Tracing the development of such practices, from prehistoric times to the age of the pyramids, Wengrow reveals unsuspected connections between distant regions and provides new insights into the workings of societies we have come to regard as remote from our own. The book obliges us to recognize that civilizations are not formed in isolation, but through the mixing and borrowing of culture between different societies. It concludes by drawing telling parallels between the ancient Near East and more contemporary attempts to reshape the world according to an ideal image.
habal
BRF Oldie
Posts: 6922
Joined: 24 Dec 2009 18:46

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by habal »

habal wrote:the imperialist/oligarchs based in west aided by western forces are setting the stage for continuous war with Islamic countries. There is a wider goal behind this that affects not just Islamic countries but all the countries. Though the fight currently is against Libya, Syria, Algeria etc, the goal is eventual exhaustion of the human civilization which lays the ground for a different political/ideological template for the world.

this was the plan of Albert Pike, a freemason who wrote the script for the 3 major wars in 1871>
Albert Pike's plan for the Illuminati was as simple as it has proved effective. He required that Communism, Naziism, Political Zionism, and other International movements be organized and used to foment the three global wars and three major revolutions. The First World War was to be fought so as to enable the Illuminati to overthrow the powers of the Tzars in Russia and turn that country into the stronghold of Atheistic-Communism. The differences stirred up by agentur of the Illuminati between the British and German Empires were to be used to foment this war. After the war ended, Communism was to be built up and used to destroy other governments and weaken religions.

World War Two, was to be fomented by using the differences between Fascists and Political Zionists. This war was to be fought so that Naziism would be destroyed and the power of Political Zionism increased so that the sovereign state of Israel could be established in Palestine. During World War Two International Communism was to be built up until it equalled in strength that of united Christendom. At this point it was to be contained and kept in check until required for the final social cataclysm. Can any informed person deny Roosevelt and Churchill did put this policy into effect?

World War Three is to be fomented by using the differences the agentur of the Illuminati stir up between Political Zionists and the leaders of the Moslem world. The war is to be directed in such a manner that Islam (the Arab World including Mohammedanism) and Political Zionism (including the State of Israel) will destroy themselves while at the same time the remaining nations, once more divided against each other on this issue, will be forced to fight themselves into a state of complete exhaustion physically, mentally, spiritually and economically. Can any unbiased and reasoning person deny that the intrigue now going on in the Near, Middle, and Far East is designed to accomplish this devilish purpose?

After World War Three is ended, those who aspire to undisputed world domination will provoke the greatest social cataclysm the world has ever known. We quote his own written words taken from the letter catalogued in the British Museum Library, London, England.
these powerful groups also want to prevent mankind's evolution from a Type 1 civilization to a Type 3 civilization*. Towards this end they have a plan of continuous wars with real or perceived/imaginary foes.

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale

there is also a chance that in these wars, the countries that provide their armed forces to assist in these wars may get stronger and thus giving them the capacity to subvert the wars to their benefits. This aids the nation-state philosophy. In order to pre-empt any such eventuality from occurring, the economic depression has been manufactured to weaken key western economies like US, France, Britain and certain peripheral states from gaining any undue advantages from these wars.
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

A blog on

Britain- The rise of a Pirate Empire

The whitwashing of piracy and romanticiszing is still going on Hollywood. Wonder why?
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

The painting Sacrifice of Issac by Caravaggio in the Uffizi galeery marks the beginning of the questioning of biblical account. It shows the face of Issac with horror instead of the angelic depictions earlier at the idea of getting knifed by is father to appease a stern god.
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

The rise of supernatural aka ghosts etc in Western Literature from 1750 to 1900 is an unintended consequence of Enlightenment.
Klaus
BRF Oldie
Posts: 2168
Joined: 13 Dec 2009 12:28
Location: Cicero Avenue

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by Klaus »

Art restorers have discovered the 'devil' in one of Giotto's fresco.
The devil was hidden in the details of clouds at the top of fresco number 20 in the cycle of the scenes in the life and death of St Francis painted by Giotto in the 13th century.

The master may have painted it to spite someone he knew by portraying him as a devil in the painting, Fusetti said on the convent’s website.

The artwork in the basilica in the convent where St Francis is buried was last restored after it was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1997.
brihaspati
BRF Oldie
Posts: 12410
Joined: 19 Nov 2008 03:25

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by brihaspati »

There has always been the nagging suspicion that A-brahma simply used the occasion to chart out a new course from a prevailing custom of sacrificing the first-born. It could be a particular custom of the "tribe", "sect" or "city" that A-brahma belonged to. It could also be a case of trying to avoid an internal family feud to try and save Isaac. He did not want to do the "sacrifice" - and perhaps simply invented the divine intervention, or his intense desire to see a way-out led him to a bulb-light moment - that he needed a different supreme entity with whom he would have direct-line - or at least claim to be so.

He could not do this - in the middle of well-established traditional societies, with well-established theological establishments. Hence the need to leave the "city" and go out into the "desert".

We should explore the model that - both the first as well as the third of the Semitic "monotheisms" were originally the inventions of individuals as a means of solving personal problems, dilemmas and concerns. They could be exceptional individuals in the sense that a million others facing similar problems perhaps solved them within given belief systems - while these individuals decided to develop a whole new theology [well not entirely new - but a kind of selective reuse and recasting of pre-existing] as a means of solving personal dilemmas.

From another angle : using the hypothetical equivalence of Sarai==Saraswati, Hagar==Gharghara, Abraham == A-Brahma, and the civilizational interpretation we have already discussed [drying up of Saraswati - consequent deferment of civilizational growth == lack of Sarai's fertility, move towards later branch Gharghara, growth of civilization there == birth of Ishmael, Gharghara drying up temporarily again and "losing" its way in the "desert" together with its "civilization" (Kutch-Saurashtra?), while the northern channel revives == Saraswati ==Sarai giving birth = civilization again on the northern banks].

But what if the hinted at underlying tension between Bala-rama and Krishna-Shyam indicates also a factional and regional civilizational tension between branches of the "Yedu"? "Shiksha" is a key aspect of the Vedanga - connected to Pratishakshya. (I)shiksha or (Prat)-i-shakshya could have meant the beginning Sanskritization - and seen as the true line of civilizational inheritance by the renewed northern sections - compared to the southern dried up sections, around Gujarat, who were identified with "Shyam" or "Shyamal" and more connected to stress on urbanization/trade/urban-depravity. Mahabharata applies the same penalizing clauses - the depravity of urbanites before the final fall of a culture - as the Yedus in Israel writing of the fall of Sodom and Gomorrah. .
habal
BRF Oldie
Posts: 6922
Joined: 24 Dec 2009 18:46

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by habal »

Ab-Brahma ~ where Ab is root for father.
JE Menon
Forum Moderator
Posts: 7138
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by JE Menon »

While speaking of the above, we need to keep in mind the potential for non-random vectoring (if there is such a thing) of the narrative, so to speak... Note, for instance, this:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bx9OWjO97rk

While we can understand where chacha is coming from, we should be fully aware that we do not yet have the capability to sufficiently influence the narrative.
RamaY
BRF Oldie
Posts: 17249
Joined: 10 Aug 2006 21:11
Location: http://bharata-bhuti.blogspot.com/

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by RamaY »

Bji,

Another angle could be Yayati and his sons.
Vyasa in MB wrote: Yayati was son of Nahusha.

He had many wives. Key wives were Devayani (daughter of Sukracharya) and Sarmishta (daughter of Vrishaparva - king of Rakshasas) {It is a different story that Sukracharya was guru of Vrishaparva and Sarmishta became Devayani's servant due to some fight between them}

Sarmishta had three sons thru Yayati as she was servant of Devayani and didn't get married. So she married Yayati in secret and had these sons.

Knowing this Devayani complained to Sukracharya and he cursed Yayati with old age. When Yayati explains himself that his actions were Dharmic then Sukra tells him that he can give his old age to any of his willing sons (and make them the king) and get his youth back and have a happy married life with Devayani and others.

1. Yayati asks his first son (of Devayani) Yadu, who declines Yayati's offer.

So Yayati tells his son Yadu that he and all his future generations will be unqualified to be kings (Yadavas are descendants of Yadu)

2. Yayati asks his second son (of Devayani) Turvasu, who also declines the offer.

Yayati tells him - you will not have children. You will reborn in adharmic society and become their king. You will keep reborn in lower and adharmic lives.


3. Yayati then asks his 3rd son (of Sarmishta) Druhyu, who also declines the offer.

Yayayti curses him that he would be born in the place where there are no elephants, horses, palanquins, donkeys, goats, cows etc (basically infertile lands?) and where everyday life is depends upon boats and ships and your descendants will rule there. They will be called Bhojas.

4. The next one to go is 4th son (of Sarmishta) Anu and even this guy declines Yayati's offer.

Then Yayati curses him that his young sons will die before him and he too will be destroyed by fire??

5. Then Yayati asks his lost son (of Sarmishta) Puru. Who accepts his father's request and takes his father's old age.

Puru is coronated as the king and Yayati goes on to enjoy his youth. After sometime he realizes that the desires can have no end, and then returns the remaining youth to his son.

The entire MB families are descendants of Puru.
We see quite a few such instances in various books...
ramana
Forum Moderator
Posts: 60224
Joined: 01 Jan 1970 05:30

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by ramana »

Thomas Benjamin, "Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450"
Publisher: Macmillan Reference USA | ISBN: 0028658434 | edition 2006 |

The period from the Renaissance onward has seen several nations and their citizens explore areas beyond their own borders in attempts to discover and colonize new territory, thereby expanding their sphere of influence for economic reasons or, for some, to escape persecution in their own land. Whatever the reason, colonialism still has its effects on the modern world, whether it led to the birth of a new nation (as in the case of the U.S.) or helps to explain simmering tensions that remain in Africa and India. Editor Benjamin is a professor of Latin American history at Central Michigan University; according to his preface, this set "provides the most comprehensive, accessible, and international reference work about the entirety of Western Colonialism from the Portuguese voyages of Prince Henry the Navigator in the fifteenth century to the making of feature films about British colonialism in India in the twenty-first century." The encyclopedia contains 411 articles by 234 academically affiliated contributors and is liberally illustrated with more than 300 illustrations, maps, and charts. A thematic outline is included in the first volume; the set concludes with selected text from 29 primary sources (for example, Monroe Doctrine, Treaty of Utrecht) and a comprehensive index.
Sushupti
BRF Oldie
Posts: 5198
Joined: 22 Dec 2010 21:24

Re: Non-Western Worldview

Post by Sushupti »

Rajiv Malhotra and Mark Tully discuss BEING DIFFERENT


Last edited by Sushupti on 03 Dec 2011 08:55, edited 2 times in total.
Post Reply