Prem wrote:http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011 ... act_wright
The Double Game: The unintended consequences of American funding in Pakistan.
It’s the end of the Second World War, and the United States is deciding what to do about two immense, poor, densely populated countries in Asia. America chooses one of the countries, becoming its benefactor. Over the decades, it pours billions of dollars into that country’s economy, training and equipping its military and its intelligence services. The stated goal is to create a reliable ally with strong institutions and a modern, vigorous democracy. The other country, meanwhile, is spurned because it forges alliances with America’s enemies.
The country not chosen was India, which “tilted” toward the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Pakistan became America’s protégé, firmly supporting its fight to contain Communism. The benefits that Pakistan accrued from this relationship were quickly apparent: in the nineteen-sixties, its economy was an exemplar. India, by contrast, was a byword for basket case. Fifty years then went by. What was the result of this social experiment? India has become the state that we tried to create in Pakistan.
There are many inaccuracies and fallacies in the above simplified version of the US-India-Pakistan triangle.
First of all, India and Pakistan should not have been termed as 'immense' in the same breath. The reason is obvious for anyone but not apparently for the Americans.
Secondly, I doubt if the US went agonizingly through deliberations as to which country should be supported in the Indian subcontinent. That decision had been made already by the imperial power and the entire brief was handed over to the new power centre of the world, the USA.
Thirdly, the US should have known, very quickly that the Pakistani leadership was unprincipled, amoral and opportunistic. Perhaps that was what they wanted. The Americans were supremely confident that with their power and wealth, they could
manage such a nation easily. They stuck to their choice and poured billions knowing fully well that their relationship was purely transactional. The US should therefore feel no pangs of guilt because their goal was never to make Pakistan a modern Muslim nation with democracy in a Westphalian architecture. That was simply a ruse to get their things done.
Fourthly, the Pakistani economy was never an 'exemplar' as is usually falsely proclaimed. It was a propaganda by the US to spite India, to make her change course in foreign affairs and to perk-up the Pakistanis. The reason is simple. Even during Ayub Khan's days, Pakistan never invested the foreign funds it received into education etc. The US funding was overwhelmingly for the armed forces only, as it has been ever since to this day. The basic building blocks of any nation-state were always neglected in Pakistan. Without that, any economic indicator would be mere window-dressing as 'Shortcut Aziz' demonstrated a few years back and as the IMF has repeatedly found to its horror from data supplied to it by GoP.
The so-called 'tilt' towards the Soviet Union did not happen until after 1967. By this time, the US-Pakistan alliance had signed three military treaties and gone through highs and lows. It is inaccurate therefore to talk of any choice between India and Pakistan that had to be made by the US immediately after 1947. India was not available for plucking by
anybody and the natural choice had to be Pakistan. Immediately after Indian independence, neither the US nor the USSR showed any particular interest in India. Later, there was competition between the two blocks to woo various countries around the world with aid for projects of national importance like Bokaro steel plant in India or the Aswan High Dam in Egypt. In the case of Bokaro, under the Colombo Plan initiative, India sought the US help first but the conditions imposed by the US Congress were unacceptable and that was when the USSR jumped into the fray and the rest is history. India too attracted a lot of funds from both the blocks without compromising on its non-aligned status. The 1962 Chinese aggression briefly changed the equation. But, soon thereafter the India-US relationship began to deteriorate sharply due to various reasons. Later, the India-USSR Treaty of Friendship was signed in 1971. From the late 70s, India made a determined effort to improve relations with the US, but the Afghanistan situation did not let that happen. Before these Americans accuse India of 'tilting' towards the Soviet Union, they should look at the three Treaties they signed with Pakistan in the early 50s thus bringing Cold War to the doorsteps of the Indian subcontinent. They should ponder over the rather contemptuous and intemperate references to India by both Nixon and Kissinger in their dialogues with Maozedung and Chou Enlai in 1971 and understand who tilted where first.
Fifthly, Pakistan's support for 'fighting communism' is simply laughable. Even being part of SEATO and CENTO, the Pakistanis attempted to forge close relationship with the communist regimes of the Soviets and the Chinese. They succeeded with the Chinese eventually. Besides, with all the billions of dollars worth of arms and equipment supplied by the US under these treaties, Pakistan did not fire a single shot against the Communists (SEATO was disbanded in June 1977 and CENTO in early 1979 before the Soviet troop movement into Afghanistan). In June 1960, Pakistan signed a joint statement issued by the eight SEATO member countries which said,
inter alia, “The Council recognised that the Communist challenge posed not only a potential military threat to the independence of countries in the treaty area but also an immediate and direct threat to their cultures and ways of life”. However, within 2½ years after that Pakistan concluded a border treaty with PRC and illegally ceded a portion of the annexed Kashmir to China in 1963. As early as 1957, the US ambassador to Pakistan James Langley recognized the Pakistani duplicity and said in his confidential report,
“The present military program is a hoax, the hoax being that it is related to the Soviet threat”. In spite of repeated requests from the US, Pakistan did not send a single person from the Pakistani armed forces to the Korean or Vietnam campaigns, though the US funded raising 5½ Army divisions for the PA.
Sixthly, India might have gone through a tough period during the 50s through early 90s. But, it was not because of profligacy, or reckless spending. There could have been various faults with India during this period, but India did build a foundation that has since helped her grow in various fields. India might be faulted for placing too much reliance on self-sufficiency or taking decisions slowly and a myriad other things but none can deny the investments it made in higher education or scientific and research institutions. It is therefore asinine to characterize India as a 'basket case' during those years.
Lastly, one doesn't need to patronize India by saying 'India became the Pakistan the West wanted to create'. That is insulting to India and the one-sixth of humanity it encompasses within itself. We have miles, leagues to go, but we are on this trajectory by dint of our own enterprise.