Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

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RamaY
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by RamaY »

On Draupadi Swayamvara

Before going into the details, I would like to bring a contemporary analogy so one can make the inference they prefer.

Imagine I came across a girl and found her to be a good match for me and approached her for marriage. Imagine she declined the offer saying I am in ITVity because she wanted to marry someone who is a doctor/lawyer/IAS/IPS. Is that wrong? Let us assume I approached another girl who declined me for being SDRE because she wanted to marry a WASP or TFTA. Is that racist? Let us assume I approached yet another girl who declines me for being a Table Tennis player for she wanted to marry a Cricketer or Foot Ball player. Is that discriminatory? Let us assume I approached yet another girl who declines me for being a Hindu, where as she preferred a Jain or Buddhist, is that religious discrimination? Let us assume another girl and got declined for me being a Brahmin where she wanted to marry a Sudra, is that discriminatory?

We see this often in this modern and advanced era, despite of all the (sic) secular education and non-varna based society. We accept it because, we think the girl too has a say in a marriage. In Draupadi's case too she has a opinion and Karna had to honor it. Please note that it was not Drupada nor Drusthadyumna who made that call, it was Draupadi.

Another rule was that the Matsya-yantra had to be destroyed. Almost all kings who attended the swayamvara (Except few people like Sri Krishna - I will explain this later when I write a book review on a controversial Telugu novel Draupadi) came there to marry Draupadi. They too raised the question, how could Draupadi marry a Brahmin on a stupid condition of Matsya-Yantra. For some people it might sound logical.

Finally the question on caste system and why it has to be by birth where as modern occupations are based on qualifications in a single birth. I have written my view on that in the following posts. Please take few minutes to read that and give your feedback/opinion.
http://forums.bharat-rakshak.com/viewto ... 3#p1124883
http://forums.bharat-rakshak.com/viewto ... 3#p1125023
Adi Parva - SECTION CLXXXIX

Karna that foremost of all wielders of the bow went to where the bow was, and quickly raising it strung it and placed the arrows on the string. And beholding the son of Surya--Karna of the Suta tribe--like unto fire, or Soma, or Surya himself, resolved to shoot the mark, those foremost of bowmen--the sons of Pandu--regarded the mark as already shot and brought down upon the ground. But seeing Karna, Draupadi loudly said, 'I will not select a Suta for my lord.' Then Karna, laughing in vexation and casting glance at the Sun, threw aside the bow already drawn to a circle.
Adi Parva - SECTION CLXL
And when the uproar was at its height, Yudhishthira, the foremost of all virtuous men, accompanied by those first of men the twins, hastily left the amphitheatre for returning to his temporary home. {Why? I think I have an explanation and will share later.}And Krishna beholding the mark shot and beholding Partha also like unto Indra himself, who had shot the mark, was filled with joy, and approached the son of Kunti with a white robe and a garland of flowers. And Arjuna the accomplisher of inconceivable feats, having won Draupadi by his success in the amphitheatre, was saluted with reverence by all the Brahmanas. And he soon after left the lists followed close by her who thus became his wife.'"
Yayavar
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by Yayavar »

abhishek_sharma wrote:
viv wrote: you used terms to directly insult. You are offended by the analysis that does not agree with yours and then using terms to insult. Big difference !!
It is not about disagreeing with "my" analysis. It is about using *all* facts to reach a conclusion. You have certainly not done so. Those facts were mentioned here but you chose to ignore them in your so-called "analysis". The link on the "game of dice" was posted here a few weeks ago. You continue trolling here even though you don't address the points mentioned there (and in other posts).

Don't expect compliments if you do so again.
Abhishek give it a rest. You are unnecessarily combative instead of discussing the points. I'm going to ignore you.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by abhishek_sharma »

instead of discussing the points
Discussing the points? Why don't you answer the questions raised by me (and others)? :roll:
Yayavar
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by Yayavar »

RamaY wrote:On the name of Duryodhana (IMHO, Suyodhana is a later twist)
Adi Parva - SECTION CXVII

"Janamejaya said, 'Please recite the names of Dhritarashtra's sons according to the order of their birth.'

"Vaisampayana said, 'Their names, O king, according to the order of birth, are Duryodhana, Yuyutsu, Duhsasana, Duhsaha, Duhsala, Jalasandha, Sama, Saha, Vinda and Anuvinda, Durdharsha, Suvahu, Dushpradharshana, Durmarshana and Durmukha, Dushkarna, and Karna; Vivinsati and Vikarna, Sala, Satwa, Sulochana, Chitra and Upachitra, Chitraksha, Charuchitra, Sarasana, Durmada and Durvigaha, Vivitsu, Vikatanana; Urnanabha and Sunabha, then Nandaka and Upanandaka; Chitravana, Chitravarman, Suvarman, Durvimochana; Ayovahu, Mahavahu, Chitranga, Chitrakundala, Bhimavega, Bhimavala, Balaki, Balavardhana, Ugrayudha; Bhima, Karna, Kanakaya, Dridhayudha, Dridhavarman, Dridhakshatra, Somakitri, Anudara; Dridhasandha, Jarasandha, Satyasandha, Sada, Suvak, Ugrasravas, Ugrasena, Senani, Dushparajaya, Aparajita, Kundasayin, Visalaksha, Duradhara; Dridhahasta, Suhasta, Vatavega, and Suvarchas; Adityaketu, Vahvashin, Nagadatta, Agrayayin; Kavachin, Krathana, Kunda, Kundadhara, Dhanurdhara; the heroes, Ugra and Bhimaratha, Viravahu, Alolupa; Abhaya, and Raudrakarman, and Dridharatha; Anadhrishya, Kundabhedin, Viravi, Dhirghalochana Pramatha, and Pramathi and the powerful Dhirgharoma; Dirghavahu, Mahavahu, Vyudhoru, Kanakadhvaja; Kundasi and Virajas. Besides these hundred sons, there was a daughter named Duhsala. All were heroes and Atirathas, and were well-skilled in warfare. All were learned in the Vedas, and all kinds of weapons. And, O, king, worthy wives were in time selected for all of them by Dhritarashtra after proper examination. And king Dhritarashtra, O monarch, also bestowed Duhsala, in proper time and with proper rites, upon Jayadratha (the king of Sindhu).'
Thanks! It believe it must have come from (recent) thought that no one will name their child 'bad' associated with 'Du'. Could it probably has the positive meaning from 'dur-yodhana' i.e. difficult warrior i.e. hard to defeat?
On Karna attending Drona's gurukula
Adi Parva SECTION CXXXIV

Drona, thereupon joyfully, accepted the Kauravas, viz., the sons of Pandu and Dhritarashtra, as his pupils. And having accepted them all as his pupils, one day Drona called them apart and making them touch his feet, said to them with a swelling heart, 'I have in my heart a particular purpose. Promise me truly, ye sinless ones, that when ye have become skilled in arms, ye will accomplish it.'

"Vaisampayana continued, 'Hearing these words, the Kuru princes remained silent. But Arjuna, O king, vowed to accomplish it whatever it was. Drona then cheerfully clasped Arjuna to his bosom and took the scent of his head repeatedly, shedding tears of joy all the while. Then Drona endued with great prowess taught the sons of Pandu (the use of) many weapons both celestial and human. And, O bull of the Bharata race, many other princes also flocked to that best of Brahmanas for instruction in arms. The Vrishnis and the Andhakas, and princes from various lands, and the (adopted) son of Radha of the Suta caste, (Karna), all became pupils of Drona. But of them all, the Suta child Karna, from jealousy, frequently defied Arjuna, and supported by Duryodhana, used to disregard the Pandavas. Arjuna, however, from devotion to the science of arms, always stayed by the side of his preceptor, and in skill, strength of arms, and perseverance, excelled all (his class-fellows). Indeed, although the instruction the preceptor gave, was the same in the case of all, yet in lightness and skill Arjuna became the foremost of all his fellow-pupils. And Drona was convinced that none of his pupils would (at any time) be able to be equal to that son of Indra.
Thanks again. Then it seems Karna wants to be considered equal or be recognized as the best from an early age and it is not just during the display of skills before the town folk. Karna equals but is stopped since he is not a prince, and Duryodhana then crowns him a king too.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by ramana »

Can you both(abhishek-sharma and viv) give it a rest in this thread please?
Yayavar
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by Yayavar »

RamaY wrote:On Draupadi Swayamvara
Yes, agree. It was Draupadi's prerogative. The pertinent point to Karna is that he felt insulted. That is his failing that he seeks to avenge the insult.
RamaY
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by RamaY »

On Karna or any other person getting rejected entry into a gurukula.

Once again I will start with a modern analogy so we can see how it works

Imagine I applied for MIT/Harvard/IIT/IIM or even a local private engineering college. Each school has a different admission criteria and every student is expected to meet that. No one complains or supports me when I complain on IIT for not granting me a seat even when I do not satisfy the criteria. Sometimes the criteria is mostly objective (entrance exam and score – even here it is not 100% objective as the school often sets one and only one day to write the exam; and there is no guarantee that that day is my best day) and other times it includes subjective criteria such as recommendation letters, essays, group discussion etc. Exams like IAS have a age criteria 30 yrs for OCs and 35 IIRC for non-OCs. We do not find any discrimination in this. In some courses it is your physical attributes on a given day – for example when I got selected to a defense academy I got rejected on two counts – (1) I was few months younger than the required age (is it my fault that I was smarter and didn’t want to waste 1 academic year) (2) I was shorter than the required height (in the next year I grew ~10 inches tall – natural to that age 14-15 yrs). We accept it as a fact of life.

Even the Manu of modern India (Dr. B.R Ambedkar) who blamed the birth-based varna system throughout his life, couldn’t avoid the fact of life while recommending birth as the criteria to grant caste based reservations (talk about karma being a biaaach).

If you read the following except you can understand the life of Karna is not that bad at all. He was loved, cared for, provided and even got lucky in his life (coronation as Anga raja). Yet he gets to be shown as the victim. Mainly by the same category of intellectuals who blame on everyone else (except themselves) for someone’s problems.

Karna (and his ilk - actually that is the definition of Asuric mindset) blames everyone else except his own choices for his fall. To be fair, Karna does this much less than his supporters do for him. When he gets rejected by a teacher, it is teacher’s fault; as if the teacher has no choice in choosing his student. Everyone should give their hard earned knowledge and skill to Karna, the moment Karna asks for it; else they will get blamed as jealous Brahmins. When karna gets a curse it is because he made an innocent mistake, how many of us get excused by life when we do such mistakes? It is Draupadi’s fault (because someone says she laughed; who doesn’t laugh when someone falls in a puddle – we do that even to our brothers when such a thing happens) so deserves her public disrobing (some argue that she became a ‘slave’ of Kauravas in the gamble – then how many slaves the Kaurvas public disrobed in the royal assembly before that?).

This is the Asuric mindset we see even today. We blame others for any unpleasant thing that happens. If God doesn’t give the boons then he is partial; because he has to give whatever we ask (including the right, authority and power {This important} to be cruel to other beings).
In due course delivered a male child and with the help of her step-mother she put that child in a box and floated it on the river Asva.

That box leaving the river Asva entered the Yamuna river and leaving Yamuna it entered the river Ganga. Drifting slowly the box reached Campapuri, a country of Sutas. Adhiratha born of the Sutavamsa and an ally of the Kauravas, saw a box floating on the river while went for his bath and took it home. Radha, wife of Adhiratha, who was childless was gladly pleased to see a baby inside the box and they adopted it and brought it up. The boy was named Vasusena. It was this babe that became the celebrated Karna afterwards (Four chapters from 305, Vana Parva).

Karna grew up in the house of Adhiratha in the country of Anga bearing the names Vasusena and Vrsa Kunti knew this through spies. When the time came for imparting education to Karna Adhiratha sent him to Hastinapura to the presense of Drona for teaching him archery. Karna studied under Krpa and Parusurama also. After his education he entered into a treaty with Duryodhana (Vana Parva, Chapter 309)

Even while they were studying archery Arjuna and Karna vied each with each other. Karna once requested Drona to teach him in private the secret of the Brahma missile to fight against Arjuna. But Drona did not accede to his request. {Drona has to give everything that Karna asks, otherwise he is a jealous brahmin :( . And Karna was to quick to seek another teacher (that too under deception) instead of serving Drona and win his trust.}

Karna then went to Mahendragiri and bowed before Parasurama and represented himself as a member of the Bhrgu family. He said he had come to him to be his disciple and learn the secret of the Brahma missle from him. Parasurama believed him and accepting him as his disciple taught him many new techniques in archery. Once Karna was wandering in the vicinity of the asrama, when he saw a lonely cow grazing there and Karna without knowing that it belonged to a brahmin sent an arrow and killed it (he was hunting and he found a cow for practice :( ).The brahmin got furious and cursed Karna thus "Oh, sinner, the wheel of your chariot would go down in the mud when you face the enemy to fight against whom you now taking training. Then when you stand perplexed, your opponent would cut off your head." Karna requested for a removal of the curse but the brahmin refused to show any mercy (so it becomes Brahmin discrimination :( ).

Added later: Incidentally I saw this post in Nukkad today. See how we are judging this modern Karna.

Parasurama taught Karna the secret of the Brahman missile. One day tired after a day's fast and a walk around the asrama with his disciples Parasurama slept resting his head on the lap of Karna. Then a beetle named Alarka attaked Karna and started sucking blood from his thigh. Blood was oozing from his thigh and still Karna did not stir from his position lest it should disturb his guru in his nap. Suddenly Parasurama awoke and stared and the beetle and the beetle fell dead. It then took the form of a demon and rising up in the air and said "Svamin! I was once a demon called Damsa. Once I carried away by force the wife of the sage Bhrgu (incidentally Karna too lied to Parasurama saying that he was from this gotra) and the angered sage cursed me and made me a beetle. When I craved for pardon he said that I would be given my original form by Parasurama. {This story was implied to Indra in modern depictions}
Last edited by RamaY on 04 Feb 2012 01:25, edited 3 times in total.
Yayavar
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by Yayavar »

ramana wrote:Can you both(abhishek-sharma and viv) give it a rest in this thread please?
Ramana, I've opted out already - see my comment above. Please read the discussion to see who said what. I'm not continuing on it. thx.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by RamaY »

I see two real students in entire MB.

First one is Arjuna - His qualification, quality, sincerity, hard work and perseverance can be seen in the way he approached his education process
- Promises to give the gurudakshina, whatever it may be, to Drona even before starting the lessons
- Shows his skill in observing what Drona was doing (when he gave narrow-nosed pots to get water for all the students except Aswatthama) and find a solution to it (using Varunastra - why didn't others think of it?) instead of blaming others
- His focus - in the famous bird's eye test by Drona. apparently this is what made Drupada decide on Matsya-Yantra so Arjuna alone can get his daughter. Drupada from the beginning wanted to get Draupadi married to Arjuna. He had to call for swayamvara only when it was not clear Pandava's were alive or not after Varanaavata episode.
- Shows his sincerity in learning when he compares another chore (eating in the dark) and applies that logic to practicing archery in dark (leading to Shabdabhedi)
- Asking the teacher what he wants and put the entire onus and trust on the teacher (to emerge as the best archer - he realized that an able teacher can turn even a normal person as the best archer)
- Understanding what the teacher says and obeying it (When Drona gives him Brahmastra he tells Arjuna to fight him/drona in a war without any fear or obligation)
- Understanding that penance (Tapas - in modern sense it is research and hard work) alone can get greater abilities
- Standing by Dharma even if it means temporary discomfort instead of finding excuses (Leaving to vanavasa when he enters the room where Dharmaraja and Draupadi were).


The second one is Ekalavya
- Accepting who you are (A Nishada son of a Nishada king is no different from a Kshatriya son of Kshatriaya king) and are proud of it. (Thinking prejudice and wishing to be the son of Kshatriya king)
- Approaching the teacher in the right manner (the way he approached Drona)
- Accepting the teacher's prerogative in teaching a subject (respectfully leaving the school when Drona rejected his admission)
- Learning the subject on own research and hardwork (Proving that one can cross the hurdles in life)
- Yet putting a person in the place of Drona (respecting the other persons worth for what it is, instead of based on our personal interaction/experience with them)
- Understanding the meaning of Gurudakshina
- Asking Guru for what he wants as Gurudakshina (not what you think is the worth of your knowledge)
- Not hesitating to give what you promised (as Gurudakshina)
- Not showing fear of consequences when keeping one's word (when cutting his own thumb)
- Learning whatever guru gives (learning from Drona how to release arrow using four fingers only)
- Not blaming others for what comes in your life and your choices
- Treating knowledge as knowledge and not personal jealousies (Like what Karna did w.r.t Pandavas). Ekalavya joined Kaurava side to see if he still can compete against Arjuna as a seeker.
Last edited by RamaY on 03 Feb 2012 23:21, edited 1 time in total.
ManuT
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by ManuT »

Sirs

A great many thanks to putanja ji for the link

I did say it has been a while, Here is the conversation between Krishna-Karna, which I was referring to.
(Not Ramdhari Singh Dinkar ji's version, though the his also good, and it has been a while since I read it.)

With it, I rest my case.


http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05140.htm

SECTION CXL
...
Vasudeva said, 'O son of Radha, thou hast worshipped many Brahmanas fully conversant with the Vedas. With concentrated attention and mind free from envy thou hast also (on many an occasion) enquired of them after truth. Thou knowest, therefore, O Karna, what the eternal saying of the Vedas are. Thou art also well-versed in all the subtle conclusions of the scriptures. It is said by those conversant with the scriptures that the two kinds of sons called Kanina and Sahoda that are born of a maiden, have him for their father who weddeth the maid. Thou, O Karna, hast been born in this way. Thou art, therefore, morally the son of Pandu. Come, be a king, according to the injunction of the scriptures. On the side of thy father, thou hast the sons of Pritha, on the side of thy mother, thou hast the Vrishnis, (for thy kinsmen). O bull among men, know that thou hast these two for thy own. Proceeding this very day with me hence, O sire, let the Pandavas know thee as a son of Kunti born before Yudhishthira. The brothers, the five Pandavas, the son of Draupadi, and the invincible son of Subhadra, will all embrace thy feet. All the kings and princes, again, that have been assembled for the Pandava-cause, and all the Andhakas and Vrishnis, will also embrace thy feet. Let queens and princesses bring golden and silver and earthen jars (full of water) and delicious herbs and all kinds

p. 271
of seeds and gems, and creepers, for thy installation. During the sixth period, Draupadi also will come to thee (as a wife).
Let that best of Brahmanas, Dhaumya, of restrained soul, pour libations of clarified butter on the (sacred) fire, and let those Brahmanas regarding all the four Vedas as authoritative (and who are acting as priests unto the Pandavas), perform the ceremony of thy installation. Let the family priest of the Pandavas who is devoted to Vedic rites, and those bulls among men-those brothers, the five sons of Pandu,--and the five sons of Draupadi, and the Panchalas, and the Chedis, and myself also, install thee as the lord of the whole earth. Let Dharma's son Yudhishthira, of righteous soul and rigid vows, be thy heir presumptive, ruling the kingdom under thee. Holding the white chamara in his hand (for fanning thee), let Yudhishthira, the son of Kunti, ride on the same car behind thee. After thy installation is over, let that other son of Kunti, the mighty Bhimasena, hold the white umbrella over thy head. Indeed, Arjuna then will drive thy car furnished with a hundred tinkling bells, its sides covered with tiger-skins, and with white steeds harnessed to it. Then Nakula and Sahadeva, and the five sons of Draupadi, and the Panchalas with that mighty car-warrior Sikhandin, will all proceed behind thee. I myself, with all the Andhakas and the Vrishnis, will walk behind thee. Indeed, all the Dasarhas and the Dasarnas, will, O king, be numbered with thy relatives. Enjoy the sovereignty of the earth, O thou of mighty arms, with thy brothers the Pandavas, with yapas and homas and auspicious rites of diverse kinds performed in thy honour. Let the Dravidas, with the Kuntalas, the Andhras, and the Talacharas, and the Shuchupas, and the Venupas, all walk before thee. Let chanters and panegyrists praise thee with innumerable laudatory hymns. Let the Pandavas proclaim,--Victory to Vasusena. Surrounded by the Pandavas, like the moon by the stars, rule thou the kingdom, O son of Kunti, and gladden Kunti herself. Let thy friends rejoice, and thy enemies grieve. Let there be, this day, a brotherly union between thee and thy brothers, the sons of Pandu."

SECTION CXLI

"Karna said, 'Without doubt, O Kesava, thou hast said these words from thy love, affection, and friendship for me, as also in consequence of thy desire of doing me good, O thou of Vrishni's race. I know all that thou hast said unto me. Morally, I am the son of Pandu, as also in consequence of the injunctions of the scriptures, as thou, O Krishna, thinkest. My mother, while a maiden, bore me in her womb, O Janardana, through her connection with Surya. And at the command of Surya

p. 272
himself, she abandoned me as soon as I was born. Even thus, O Krishna, I came into the world. Morally, therefore, I am the son of Pandu. Kunti, however, abandoned me without thinking of my welfare. The Suta, Adhiratha, as soon as he beheld me, took me to his home, and from her affection for me, Radha's breasts were filled with milk that very day, and she, O Madhava, cleansed my urine and evacuations. How can one like us, conversant with duties and ever engaged in listening to scriptures deprive her of her Pinda? So also Adhiratha of the Suta class regardeth me as a son, and I too, from affection, always regard him as (my) father.
O Madhava, that Adhiratha, O Janardana, from paternal affection caused all the rites of infancy to be performed on my person, according to the rules prescribed in the scriptures. It is that Adhiratha, again, who caused the name Vasusena to be bestowed upon me by the Brahmanas. When also I attained to youth, I married wives according to his selections. Through them have been born my sons and grandsons, O Janardana. My heart also, O Krishna, and all the bonds of affection and love, are fixed on them. From joy or fear. O Govinda. I cannot venture to destroy those bonds even for the sake of the whole earth or heaps of gold. In consequence also of my connection with Duryodhana of Dhritarashtra's race, I have, O Krishna, enjoyed sovereignty for thirteen years, without a thorn on my side. I have performed many sacrifices, always however in connection with persons of the Suta tribe. All my family rites and marriage rites have been performed with the Sutas. Obtaining me, O Krishna, Duryodhana hath, O thou of Vrishni's race, made this preparations for an armed encounter and provoked hostilities with the sons of Pandu. And it is for this, O Achyuta, that in the battle (that will ensue), I, O Krishna, have been chosen as the great antagonist of Arjuna to advance against him in a single combat. For the sake of death, or the ties of blood, or fear, or temptation, I cannot venture, O Janardana, to behave falsely towards the intelligent son of Dhritarashtra. If I do not now engage in a single combat with Arjuna, this will, O Hrishikesa, be inglorious for both myself and Partha. Without doubt, O slayer of Madhu, thou hast told me all this for doing me good. The Pandavas also, obedient as they are to thee, will, without doubt, do all that thou hast said. Thou must, however, conceal this our discourse for the present, O slayer of Madhu. Therein lies our benefit, I think, O delighter of all the Yadavas. If king Yudhishthira, of virtuous soul and well-controlled senses, cometh to know me as the firstborn son of Kunti, he will never accept the kingdom. If, again, O slayer of Madhu, this mighty and swelling empire becometh mine. I shall, O repressor of foes, certainly make it over to Duryodhana only. Let Yudhishthira of virtuous soul become king for ever. He that hath Hrishikesa for his guide, and Dhananjaya and that mighty car-warrior Bhima for his combatants, as also Nakula and Sahadeva, and the sons of Draupadi, is fit, O Madhava, to rule over the whole earth. Dhrishtadyumna,

p. 273

the prince of the Panchalas, that mighty car-warrior Satyaki, Uttamaujas, Yudhamanyu, the prince of Somakas who is devoted to truth, the ruler of the Chedis, Chekitana, the invincible Sikhandin, the Kekaya brothers, all of the hue of Indragopaka insects, Bhimasena's uncle Kuntibhoja of high soul and possessed of steeds endued with the colours of the rainbow, the mighty car-warrior Syenajit, Sanka the son of Virata, and thyself, O Janardana, like an ocean,--great is this assemblage, O Krishna, of Kshatriyas (that hath been made by Yudhishthira). This blazing kingdom, celebrated among all the kings of the earth, is already won (by Yudhishthira). O thou of Vrishni's race, a great sacrifice of arms is about to be celebrated by Dhritarashtra's son. Thou, O Janardana, wilt be the Upadrashtri of that sacrifice. The office of Adhyaryu also, O Krishna, in that sacrifice, will be thine. The ape-bannered Vibhatsu accoutred in mail will be the Hotri (his bow), Gandiva will be the sacrificial ladle, and the prowess of the warriors will be the clarified butter (that is to be consumed). The weapons called Aindra, Pasupata, Brahma, and Sthunakarna, applied by Arjuna, will, O Madhava, be the mantras (of that sacrifice). Resembling his father, or perhaps, excelling him in prowess, Subhadra's son (Abhimanyu) will be the chief Vedic hymn to be chanted. That destroyer of elephant ranks that utterer of fierce roars in battle, that tiger among men, the exceedingly mighty Bhima, will be Udgatri and Prastotri in this sacrifice. King Yudhishthira of virtuous Soul, ever engaged in Yapa and Homa, will himself be the Brahma of that sacrifice. The sounds of conchs, tabors, and drums, and the leonine roaring rising high in the welkin, will be the calls upon the invited to eat. The two sons of Madri, Nakula and Sahadeva, of great fame and prowess, will be the slayers of the sacrificial animals; rows of bright cars furnished with standards of variegated hue, will, O Govinda, be stakes (for tying the animals), O Janardana, in this sacrifice. Barbed arrows and Nalikas, and long shafts, and arrows with heads like calf's tooth, will play the part of spoons (wherewith to distribute the Soma juice) while Tomaras will be the vessels of Soma, and bows will be pavitras. The swords will be Kapalas, the heads (of slain warriors) the Purodasas and the blood of warriors the clarified butter. O Krishna, in this sacrifice. The lances and bright maces (of the warriors) will be pokers (for stirring the sacrificial fire) and the corner stakes (for keeping the fire-wood from falling down). The disciples of Drona and Kripa, the son of Saradwat, will be the Sadasyas (assisting priests). The arrows shot by the wielder of Gandiva and by (other) mighty car-warriors, and by Drona and Drona's son, will play the part of ladles for distributing the Soma. Satyaki will discharge the duties of the chief assistant of the Adhyaryu. Of this sacrifice, Dhritarashtra's son will be installed as the performer, while this vast army will be his wife. O thou of mighty arms, when the nocturnal rites of sacrifice will begin, the mighty Ghatotkacha will play the part of the slayer of (devoted) victims. The mighty Dhrishtadyumna, who sprang into life from the

p. 274

sacrificial fire, having for its mouth the rites celebrated with mantras, will, O Krishna, be the Dakshina of that sacrifice. For those harsh words, O Krishna, that I said before unto the sons of Pandu for the gratification of Dhritarashtra's son,--for that wicked conduct of mine,--I am consumed with repentance. When O Krishna, thou wilt behold me slain by Arjuna, then will the Punachiti of this sacrifice commence. When the (second) son of Pandu will drink the blood of the loudly roaring Dussasana, then will the Soma-drinking of this sacrifice have taken place! When the two princes of Panchala (Dhrishtadyumna and Sikhandin) will overthrow Drona and Bhishma, then, O Janardana, will this sacrifice be suspended for an interval. When mighty Bhimasena will slay Duryodhana, then, O Madhava, will this sacrifice of Dhritarashtra's son be concluded. When the wives of Dhritarashtra's sons and grandsons assembled together, deprived, O Kesava, of their husbands and sons and without protectors, will indulge in lamentations with Gandhari in their midst, on the field of battle haunted by dogs and vultures and other carnivorous birds, then, O Janardana, will the final bath of this sacrifice take place.

'I pray to thee, O bull of the Kshatriya race, let not the Kshatriyas, old in learning and old in years, perish miserably, O Janardana, for thy sake. Oh, let this swelling host of Kshatriyas perish by means of weapons on that most sacred of all spots in the three worlds, viz. Kurukshetra, O Kesava. O thou of eyes like lotus-leaves, accomplish on this spot what thou hast in thy mind, so that, O thou of Vrishni's race, the whole Kshatriya order may attain to heaven. As long, O Janardana, as the hills and the rivers will last, so long will the fame of these achievements last. The Brahmanas will recite this great war of the Bharatas. The fame, O thou of Vrishni's race, that they achieve in battles is the wealth that Kshatriyas own. O Kesava, bring Kunti's son (Arjuna) before me for battle, keeping for ever this our discourse a secret, O chastiser of foes.'"


SECTION CXLII
....

SECTION CXLIII
'I have in a vision, O Achyuta, beheld Yudhishthira ascending with his brothers a palace supported by a thousand columns. All of them appeared with white head-gears and in white robes. And all of them appeared to me to be seated on white seats. In the midst of the same vision, thou, O Janardana, wast beheld by me to be employed in enveloping the blood-dyed earth with weapons. Yudhishthira at the same time, of immeasurable energy, ascending upon a heap of bones, was gladly eating buttered payasa of a golden cup. I further beheld Yudhishthira to be employed in swallowing the earth handed over to him by thee. This indicates that he will verily rule the earth I beheld that tiger among men, Vrikodara, of fierce deeds, standing on the summit, mace in hand, and as if devouring this earth. This plainly indicates that he will slay all of us in fierce battle. It is known to me, O lord of the senses, that victory is there where righteousness is. I saw also Dhananjaya, the wielder of Gandiva, seated on the back of a white elephant, with thee, O lord of the senses, and blazing forth with great beauty. I have no doubt, O Krishna, that ye will slay in battle all the kings headed by Duryodhana. I saw Nakula and Sahadeva and that mighty car-warrior Satyaki, adorned with white bracelets, white cuirasses, white garlands, and white robes. This tiger among men were seated upon excellent vehicles borne on the shoulders of men. And I saw that umbrellas were held over the heads of all the three. Amongst the soldiers of Dhritarashtra's son, these three, O Janardana, were beheld by me decked with white head-gears. Know, O Kesava, that those three were Aswatthaman, Kripa, and Kritavarman of Satwata's race. All other kings, O Madhava, were seen by me to have blood-red head-ears. I saw also, O thou of mighty arms, that those mighty car-warriors Bhishma and Drona, ascending on a vehicle drawn by camels, and by myself, and Dhritarashtra's son, proceeded, O lord, to the quarter, O Janardana, ruled by Agastya. This indicates that we shall soon have to proceed to Yama's abode. I have no doubt that myself and the other kings, indeed, the entire assemblage of Kshatriyas shall have to enter into the Gandiva fire.'

p. 278

"Krishna said, 'Indeed, the destruction of the earth is at hand when my words, O Karna, do not become acceptable to thy heart. O sire, when the destruction of all creatures approacheth, wrong assuming the semblance of right leaveth not the heart.'

"Karna said, 'If, O Krishna, we come out of this great battle that will be so destructive of heroic Kshatriyas, with life, then, O thou of mighty arms may we meet here again. Otherwise, O Krishna, we shall certainly meet in heaven. O sinless one, it seemeth to me now that there only it is possible for us to meet.'

"Sanjaya said, 'Having spoken these words, Karna closely pressed Madhava to his bosom. Dismissed by Kesava, he then descended from the car. And riding on his own car decked with gold, Radha's son greatly dejected, came back with us!'"
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by Yayavar »

RamaYji: fyi..Suyodhana is there in the original itself. Both Suyodhana and Duryodhana are used. From the Kesri Mohan Ganguli translation:
The spectators saw (with wonder) their agility, the symmetry of their bodies, their grace, their calmness, the firmness of their grasp and their deftness in the use of sword and buckler. Then Vrikodara and Suyodhana, internally delighted (at the prospect of fight), entered the arena, mace in hand, like two single-peaked mountains. And those mighty-armed warriors braced their loins, and summoning all their energy, roared like two infuriate elephants contending for a cow-elephant; and like two infuriated elephants those mighty heroes faultlessly (in consonance with the dictates of the science of arm) careered right and left, circling the lists. And Vidura described to Dhritarashtra and the mother of the Pandavas (Kunti) and Gandhari, all the feats of the princes.'"
I'm a bit puzzled by the early reference to Karna being part of Drona's gurukul. There is no reference to him until he rides in 'unknown' to the crowd and the princes to challenge Arjuna. Will read more.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by johneeG »

Bhima is enraged at Yuddhishtira's gambling, but realises that Yuddhishtira has not acted out of Dharma:
"Bhima said,--'O Yudhishthira, gamblers have in their houses many women of loose character. They do
not yet stake those women having kindness for them even. Whatever wealth and other excellent articles
the king of Kasi gave, whatever, gems, animals, wealth, coats of mail and weapons that other kings of
the earth gave, our kingdom, thyself and ourselves, have all been won by the foes. At all this my wrath
was not excited for thou art our lord. This, however, I regard as a highly improper act--this act of staking
Draupadi. This innocent girl deserveth not this treatment. Having obtained the Pandavas as her lords, it
is for thee alone that she is being thus persecuted by the low, despicable, cruel, and mean-minded
Kauravas. It is for her sake, O king, that my anger falleth on thee. I shall burn those hands of thine.
Sahadeva, bring some fire."
'Arjuna hearing this, said,--'Thou hast never, O Bhimasena, before this uttered such words as these.
Assuredly thy high morality hath been destroyed by these cruel foes. Thou shouldst not fulfil the wishes
of the enemy. Practise thou the highest morality. Whom doth it behave to transgress his virtuous eldest
brother? The king was summoned by the foe, and remembering the usage of the Kshatriyas, he played at
dice against his will. That is certainly conducive to our great fame.
'Bhima said,--'If I had not known, O Dhananjaya, that the king had acted according to Kshatriya usage,
then I would have, taking his hands together by sheer force, burnt them in a blazing fire.
"
As for the 'half-truth' spoken by Yudhishtira: Below is the Lord Sri Krishna's view on telling truth and falsehood.
I will now tell thee, O son of Pandu, this mystery connected with
morality, this mystery that was declared by Bhishma, by the righteous Yudhishthira, by Vidura
otherwise called Kshatri, and by Kunti, of great celebrity. I will tell thee that mystery in all its details.
Listen to it, O Dhananjaya! One who speaks truth is righteous. There is nothing higher than truth.
Behold, however, truth as practised is exceedingly difficult to be understood as regards its essential
attributes. Truth may be unutterable, and even falsehood may be utterable where falsehood would
become truth and truth would become falsehood. In a situation of peril to life and in marriage, falsehood
becomes utterable. In a situation involving the loss of one’s entire property, falsehood becomes
utterable. On an occasion of marriage, or of enjoying a woman, or when life is in danger, or when one’s
entire property is about to be taken away, or for the sake of a Brahmana, falsehood may be uttered.
These five kinds of falsehood have been declared to be sinless.
On these occasions falsehood would
become truth and truth would become falsehood. He is a fool that practises truth without knowing the
difference between truth and falsehood. One is said to be conversant with morality when one is able to
distinguish between truth and falsehood. What wonder then in this that a man of wisdom, by
perpetrating even a cruel act, may obtain great merit like Valaka by the slaughter of the blind beast?
What wonder, again, in this that a foolish and ignorant person, from even the desire of winning merit,
earns great sin like Kausika (living) among the rivers?"
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by RamaY »

^ that poem in Bhagavatam where Sukracharya tells Bali to go back on his vow to Vaamana

Varijakshulandu, vaivahikamulandu
Prana, witta, maana bhangamandu
Bonkavachu maghamu nonda dadhipa
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by RamaY »

Thank you johneeG gaaru for the explanation on Dur/Su prefix.

Viv gaaru, I was talking about calling him Suyodhana in the context of "good warrior".
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by RamaY »

brihaspati wrote:
Nothing much has been talked of the dharma of a bride who has after all chosen herself in swayamavara one single man - being ordered to accept 4 other men simultaneously. A peculiar past-life justification is added - that it was Draupadi who "desired" it before in that life. But we dont get Draupadi's voice. Did she become the property of Kunti by virtue of choice of Draupadi of Arjuna - to be disposed off as she chooses? Was Draupadi warned that such could be teh case before she garlanded Arjuna? Was the act of garlanding, marriage - seems so since she accompanied the brothers from her parental palace to her "chosens" residence? In that case could her later marriages be "dharmik"? If it was dharmik then - why is it no longer dharmik now to have such simultaneous sequential marriages?
:)

Bji, A Telugu author recently wrote a book 'Draupadi' giving Draupadi's version on the events in MB. He got a Jnanapeeth (for) after that book. Few SivSainiks slapped him for describing her first nights with the Pandavas, in a vivid manner.

I can't type much from this IPadMe. Will write on it on Monday.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by ramana »

anybody read "Yagnaseni" by Pratibha Ray, translated by Pradip Bhattacharya?

And

"Parva" by Bhyrappa?
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by ramana »

Nilanajana Roy's critique of the Telugu Novel "Draupadi"

Literary Chastity of Draupadi

Nilanjana S Roy: The literary chastity of Draupadi
We need better versions of Draupadi, not one fixed, piously pallid, acceptable story
Nilanjana S Roy / New Delhi March 2, 2010, 0:55 IST

As a bunch of ruffians disrupted the Sahitya Akademi award ceremony earlier this month in protest against Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad’s novel Draupadi, I realised that it’s hard to defend the right of bad writing to exist. YL Prasad wrote his novel in Telugu five years ago; it became a popular success, but within the Akademi, there has been heated debate over its literary merits.

The men who threw shoes and other objects at the author and threatened a dharna outside the Akademi if the award wasn’t withdrawn, weren’t concerned with questions of literary merit — their protests concerned the question of Draupadi’s literary chastity, which is another matter.

The two figures in the Mahabharata who guaranteed to exercise a writer’s imagination would have to be Karna and Draupadi. Karna is Arjuna’s dark shadow — deprived of his birthright, cast into war against his true brothers, his dazzling skills counterbalanced by his resentments.

Draupadi is complex, her story is not easily reduced to the simple “good and faithful wife” narrative that dogs Sita, the heroine of the Ramayana. She has wit and intelligence; is married to five brothers; struggles to overcome her partiality for Arjuna; has the resilience needed to withstand years in exile and the independence needed to fight for her own rights when Yudhishtira gambles her away in the game of dice.

Representations of Draupadi in Indian literature have sometimes been controversial, but often rewarding. In Pratibha Ray’s classic Yajnaseni, Draupadi comes through as a woman of fierce independence, struggling to balance her passions against her dharma. In various versions of the epic in oral traditions across India, Draupadi is cast as something of an early feminist, ready and able to speak her mind, matching wits with Krishna. In a short story by Mahasweta Debi, a tribal woman called Dopdi Mejhen endures a modern-day form of vastraharan-rape by local armed forces — and emerges with a kind of strength that’s still intact. In Chitra Banerji Divakaruni’s Palace of Illusions, Draupadi comes through as a romantic heroine.

One of the most insidious forms of censorship is an insistence on a rigid, simplistic narrative. To those who would see Draupadi as an upright, helpless woman forced into marriage with five brothers, versions such as the one by Pratibha Ray are unwelcome, and have attracted controversy in the past. But Ray’s version, or the tribal Bhil version of Draupadi are literary creations in their own right, easy to defend.

YL Prasad’s Draupadi is not an easy book to defend. It is poorly written — transliterating the Telugu Mahabharata almost section for section in some chapters — and poorly conceived: his focus is almost exclusively on the nature of Draupadi’s relationship with her Pandava husbands and with Krishna. In his novel, Draupadi is a caricature, all flashing eyes and heaving bosom as the author describes her first night with each of her husbands. This is the material of pulp rather than literary fiction.

There are two separate questions at work here, though. Does YL Prasad’s book deserve the Sahitya Akademi award for literature? Many critics in the Telugu sphere believe it doesn’t — this is a prurient, unimaginative novel that adds little to the many retellings of the Mahabharata. As for the sexual detail, the descriptions of Draupadi’s beauty in the Mahabharata and of how her form and her eyes stir up obsession and lust in each of her husbands is written with far more evocative splendour in that ancient epic.

But does YL Prasad deserve to be censored for undertaking to write about Draupadi’s marriage, or trying to re-imagine the passionate woman behind the rigid stereotypes of the dutiful wife we’re offered today? Absolutely not; one of the beautiful features of the two great Indian epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, is how they’ve lent themselves to local versions across the centuries in the oral and written tradition in India. There are “feminist” Ramayanas where an angry Sita upbraids her husband for sending her into exile; and there are versions of the Mahabharata that have speculated on the relationships between Draupadi and Krishna, or Draupadi and Karna.

The worst that can be said about YL Prasad’s Draupadi is that it’s a prurient potboiler that fails to analyse the complexities of Draupadi’s marital and emotional life. And I would have much more sympathy for the protestors at the Sahitya Akademi if all their exertions, including “jumping over the dais” according to one report, had been intended as a literary protest. (Think of how entertaining the Indian literary scene would be if jumping across the dais became the accepted method of demonstrating one’s critical disagreement.) Instead, their protests and threats stemmed from the belief that there was only one way to write about and depict Draupadi — or any of the great figures of Indian mythology and history.

YL Prasad’s way of re-imagining Draupadi is a bad way; but let’s not forget that he’s entitled to his own brand of mediocrity. We need better versions of Draupadi, not one fixed, piously pallid, acceptable story.

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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by ramana »

JohneeG, What version of Mahabharata are you quoting from?

Thanks for clarifying meaning of Duryodhana's name.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by RamaY »

Sisupala was born with some deformities, such as excess hands, legs and eyes. Aakasavani tells his mother that he would die in the hands of the person whose touch would remove his deformities.

So Sishupala's parents would invite all and sundry and put the boy in thier hands. When Krishna (nephew of Sisupalas mother) holds the boy, his deformities were gone.

Afraid of her son's life Sisupala's mother begs Krishna to go easy on the boy. Krishna promises her that he would spare first 100 mistakes of Sisupala, which ended when he started throwing his mouth at everyone in Rajasuya.

It is like our 3-warning system :) we all know, yet we (our karma) cannot resist it...
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by ramana »

Sishupala's takleef:

http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02042.htm
"Bhishma said,--This Sisupala was born in the line of the king of Chedi with three eyes and four hands. As soon as he was born, he screamed and brayed like an ass. On that account, his father and mother along with their relatives, were struck with fear. And beholding these extraordinary omens, his parents resolved to abandon him. But an incorporeal voice, about this time, said unto the king and his wife with their ministers and priest, all with hearts paralysed by anxiety, those words,--'This thy son, O king, that hath been born will become both fortunate and superior in strength. Therefore thou hast no fear from him. Indeed cherish the child without anxiety. He will not die (in childhood). His time is not yet come. He that will slay him with weapons hath also been born.' Hearing these words, the mother, rendered anxious by affection for her son, addressed the invisible Being and said,--I bow with joined hands unto him that hath uttered these words respecting my son; whether he be an exalted divinity or any other being, let him tell me another word, I desire to hear who will be the slayer of this my son. The invisible Being then said,--'He upon whose lap this child being placed the superfluous arms of his will fall down upon the ground like a pair of five-headed snakes, and at the sight of whom his third eye on the forehead will disappear, will be his slayer?' Hearing of the child's three eyes and four arms as also of the words of the invisible Being, all the kings of the earth went to Chedi to behold him. The king of Chedi worshipping, as each deserved, the monarchs that came, gave his child upon their laps one after another. And though the child was placed upon the laps of a thousand kings, one after another, yet that which the incorporeal voice had said came not to pass. And having heard of all this at Dwaravati, the mighty Yadava heroes Sankarshana and Janarddana also went to the capital of the Chedis, to see their father's sister--that daughter of the Yadavas (the queen of Chedi)And saluting everybody according to his rank and the king and queen also, and enquiring after every body's welfare, both Rama and Kesava took their seats. And after those heroes had been worshipped, the queen with great pleasure herself placed the child on the lap of Damodara. As soon as the child was placed on his lap, those superfluous arms of his fell down and the eye on his forehead also disappeared. And beholding this, the queen in alarm and anxiety begged of Krishna a boon. And she said,--'O mighty-armed Krishna, I am afflicted with fear; grant me a boon. Thou art the assurer of all afflicted ones and that the dispeller of everybody's fear. Thus addressed by her. Krishna, that son of the Yadu race, said--'Fear not, O respected one. Thou art acquainted with morality. Thou needest have no fear from me. What boon shall I give thee? What shall I do, O aunt? Whether able or not, I shall do thy bidding.'--Thus spoken to by Krishna, the queen said, 'O thou of great strength, thou wilt have to pardon the offences of Sisupala for my sake. O tiger of the Yadu race. Know O lord, even this is the boon that I ask.' Krishna then said, 'O aunt, even when he will deserve to be slain, I will pardon an hundred offences of his. Grieve thou not.'

"Bhishma continued,--'Even thus, O Bhima, is this wretch of a king--Sisupala of wicked heart, who, proud of the boon granted by Govinda, summons thee to battle!'"
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by Agnimitra »

brihaspati wrote:Nothing much has been talked of the dharma of a bride who has after all chosen herself in swayamavara one single man - being ordered to accept 4 other men simultaneously. A peculiar past-life justification is added - that it was Draupadi who "desired" it before in that life. But we dont get Draupadi's voice. Did she become the property of Kunti by virtue of choice of Draupadi of Arjuna - to be disposed off as she chooses? Was Draupadi warned that such could be teh case before she garlanded Arjuna? Was the act of garlanding, marriage - seems so since she accompanied the brothers from her parental palace to her "chosens" residence? In that case could her later marriages be "dharmik"? If it was dharmik then - why is it no longer dharmik now to have such simultaneous sequential marriages?
B ji, I've wondered before whether this arrangement was based on a RigVedic precedent. As per this article, in the political organization of Vedic society, there was provision for a sabhaa, situated outside the main settlement, as a sort of civilizing periphery to the core society. Its membership was restricted to the vratyas -- bands of roving Brahmins and Kshatriyas in search of "cattle". They moved with a common woman (punshchali). The vidatha was the potlatch-like ritual distribution of bounty. Note that although the word "punshchali" came to later on mean a harlot or dancing-girl, its not clear there's such a negative connotations in the Veda itself. In fact, her role is a glorious sacrifice given the mission and journey of the sabha and vratyas. So in avowed exile, the Pandavas were like the vratyas, and this would be a Vedic precedent for such an arrangement with Draupadi.

For some sociological commentary on this aspect, I found the following interesting reference: According to "Political History of Ancient India" (by Hemchandra Raychaudhuri): "The men of Magadha are always spoken about in Vedic literature in terms of contempt. In the Vratya (XV) book of the Atharva Samhita, the Vratya, i.e., the Indian living outside the pale of Brahminism, is brought into very special relation to the Pumschali and the Maagadha, faith is called his harlot, the Mitra his Maagadha. In the Shrauta sutras the equipment characteristic of the Vratyas is said to be given when the latter is admitted into the Aryan Brahminical community, to the so-called Brahmanas living in the Magadha (brahma-bandhu Magadha-deshiya)..." The author is translating pumschali here as "harlot" again, though I'm not sure whether that is accurate, given that this vratya system is a process of purification and bringing the person back into the Brahminical order. I'm not sure how bona fide this book is, perhaps knowledgeable people can comment. Some of the indicators do match up with the situation of the Pandavas and Smt. Draupadi.

So, it could well be that this aspect of the Mahabharata is fulfilling this element of Vedic precedent and the Vedic dharma-template -- where Draupadi is the glorious self-sacrificing binding agent for the Pandavas in their purificatory journey during exile from Vedic civilization.
Last edited by Agnimitra on 06 Feb 2012 06:51, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

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ramana wrote:JohneeG, What version of Mahabharata are you quoting from?
Kisari Mohan Ganguly. I had downloaded a full translation(in pdf form). So, I can search for the relevant keywords. And the process is always surprising with many unknown revelations.

---------

Ulupi was not a widow. She was a Naga princess.
"Hearing these words of Arjuna, Ulupi answered, 'There is a Naga of the name of Kauravya, born in the
line of Airavata. I am, O prince, the daughter of that Kauravya, and my name is Ulupi. O tiger among
men, beholding thee descend into the stream to perform thy ablutions, I was deprived of reason by the
god of desire. O sinless one, I am still unmarried. Afflicted as I am by the god of desire on account of
thee, O thou of Kuru's race, gratify me today by giving thyself up to me.'
"Vaisampayana said, 'Thus addressed by the daughter of the king of the Nagas, the son of Kunti did
everything she desired, making virtue his motive. The mighty Arjuna, spending the night in the mansion
of the Naga rose with the sun in the morning. Accompanied by Ulupi he came back from the palace of
Kauravya to the region where the Ganges entereth the plains. The chaste Ulupi, taking her leave there,
returned to her own abode. And, O Bharata, she granted unto Arjuna a boon making him invincible in
water, saying, 'Every amphibious creature shall, without doubt, be vanquishable by thee.'"
Arjuna did as Ulupi desired. She was a Naga princess and hence returned to her world. And Arjuna returned to his world. But they remained married.

Now, about Chitrangada:
Crossing the country of the Kalingas, the mighty one
proceeded, seeing on his way diverse countries and sacred spots and diverse delightful mansions and
houses. Beholding the Mahendra mountain adorned with the ascetics (residing there), he went to
Manipura, proceeding slowly along the sea-shore. Beholding all the sacred waters and other holy places
in that province, the strong-armed son of Pandu at last went, O king, to the virtuous Chitravahana, the
ruler of Manipura. The king of Manipura had a daughter of great beauty named Chitrangada. And it so
happened that Arjuna beheld her in her father's palace roving at pleasure. Beholding the handsome
daughter of Chitravahana, Arjuna desired to possess her. Going unto the king (her father), he represented
unto him what he sought. He said. 'Give away unto me thy daughter, O king! I am an illustrious
Kshatriya's son.' Hearing this, the king asked him, 'Whose son art thou?' Arjuna replied, 'I am
Dhananjaya, the son of Pandu and Kunti.' The king, hearing this, spoke unto him these words in sweet
accents, 'There was in our race a king of the name of Prabhanjana, who was childless. To obtain a child,
he underwent severe ascetic penances. By his severe asceticism, O Partha, he gratified that god of gods,
Mahadeva, the husband of Uma, that supreme Lord holding (the mighty bow called) Pinaka. The
illustrious Lord granted him the boon that each successive descendant of his race should have one child
only. In consequence of that boon only one child is born unto every successive descendant of this race.
All my ancestors (one after another) had each a male child. I, however, have only a daughter to
perpetuate my race. But, O bull amongst men, I ever look upon this daughter of mine as my son. O bull
of Bharata's race, I have duly made her a Putrika. Therefore, one amongst the sons that may be begotten
upon her by thee, O Bharata, shall be the perpetuator of my race. That son is the dower for which I may
give away my daughter. O son of Pandu, if them choosest, thou canst take her upon this understanding.'
Hearing these words of the king, Arjuna accepted them all, saying, 'So be it.' Taking Chitravahana's
daughter (as his wife), the son of Kunti resided in that city for three years. When Chitrangada at last
gave birth to a son, Arjuna embraced that handsome princess affectionately. And taking leave of the
king (her father), he set out on his wanderings again.'"
Arjuna came back to see Chitrangadha again:
Arjuna
became desirous of once more beholding Chitrangada. He, therefore, proceeded towards the city of
Manipura. Arrived there, he beheld on the throne the son he had begotten upon Chitrangada, and who
was called by the name of Vabhruvahana. Seeing Chitrangada once more, Arjuna proceeded, O
monarch, towards the spot called Gokarna.'"
So, according to the desire of the father of Chitrangada, Arjuna left her and his son at Manipura.

In both cases, there seems to be no injustice or discrimination. Infact, Arjuna was generous and liberal in both the cases.

Later, Arjuna came back to Manipura in course of Ashwamedhayaga by Yuddhishtira. Arjuna demands a fight from his son, who hesistates first but then obliges. Arjuna dies in that fight:
"Vaisampayana said, 'The ruler of Manipura, Vabhruvahana, hearing that his sire Arjuna had arrived
within his dominions, went out with humility, with a number of Brahmanas and some treasure in his
van. 2 Remembering, however, the duties of Kshatriyas, Dhananjaya of great intelligence, seeing the
ruler of Manipura arrive in that guise, did not approve of it. The righteous-souled Phalguna angrily said,
'This conduct of thine is not becoming. Thou hast certainly fallen away from Kshatriya duties. I have
come here as the protector of Yudhishthira's sacrificial horse. Why, O son, wilt thou not fight me, seeing
that I have come within thy dominions? Fie on thee, O thou of foolish understanding, fie on thee that
hast fallen away from Kshatriya duties! Fie on thee that would receive me peacefully, even though I
have come here for battling with thee. In thus receiving me peacefully thou actest like a woman. O thou
of wretched understanding, if I had come to thee, leaving aside my arms, then would this behaviour of
thine have been fit, O worst of men.' Learning that these words were addressed by her husband, the
daughter of the Snake-king, viz., Ulupi unable to tolerate it, pierced through the Earth and came up to
that spot. 3 She beheld her son standing there perfectly cheerless and with face hanging down. Indeed,
the prince was repeatedly rebuked by his sire who was desirous of battle with him, O monarch. The
daughter of the snake, with every limb possessed of beauty, viz., Ulupi, said these words consistent with
righteousness and duty unto the prince who was conversant with righteousness and duty,--'Know that I
am thy mother Ulupi that am the daughter of a snake. Do thou accomplish my behest, O son, for thou
wouldst then attain to great merit. Fight thy father, this foremost one
of Kuru's race, this hero that is irresistible in battle. Without doubt, he will then be gratified with thee.'
In this way was king Vabhruvahana incited against his sire by his (step) mother. At last, endued as he
was with great energy, he made up his mind, O chief of the Bharata's, to fight Dhananjaya. Putting on
his armour of bright gold and his effulgent head-gear, he ascended an excellent car which had hundreds
of quivers ready on it. That car was equipt with necessaries for battle and had steeds yoked to it that
were endued with the speed of the mind. It had excellent wheels and a strong Upashkara, and was
adorned with golden ornaments of every kind. Raising his standard which was decorated most
beautifully and which bore the device of a lion in gold, the handsome prince Vabhruvahana proceeded
against his sire for battle. Coining upon the sacrificial steed which was protected by Partha, the heroic
prince caused it to be seized by persons well-versed in horse-lore. Beholding the steed seized,
Dhananjaya became filled with joy. Standing on. the Earth, that hero began to resist the advance of his
son who was on his car. The king afflicted the hero with repeated showers of shafts endued with whetted
points and resembling snakes of virulent poison. The battle that took, place between sire and son was
incomparable. It resembled the encounter between the deities and the Asuras of old. Each was gratified
with obtaining the other for an antagonist. Then Vabhruvahana, laughing, pierced the diadem-decked
Arjuna, that foremost of men, in the shoulder with a straight shaft. Equipt with feathers, that shaft
penetrated Arjuna's body like a snake penetrating on an anthill. Piercing the son of Kunti through, the
shaft went deep into the Earth. Feeling acute pain, the intelligent Dhananjaya rested awhile, supporting
himself on his excellent bow. He stood, having recourse to his celestial energy and seemed to outward
appearance like one deprived of life. That foremost of men, then regaining consciousness, praised his
son highly. Possessed of great splendour, the son of Sakra said, 'Excellent, Excellent, O mighty-armed
one, O son of Chitrangada! O son, beholding this feat, so worthy of thee, I am highly gratified with thee.
I shall now shoot these arrows at thee, O son. Stand for fight (without running away).' Having said these
words, that slayer of foes shot a shower of arrows on the prince. King Vabhruvahana, however, with his
own broad-headed shafts, cut all those arrows which were shot from Gandiva and which resembled the
thunder-bolt of Indra in splendour, some in twain and some into three parts. Then the standard, decked
with gold and resembling a golden palmyra, on the king's car was cut off by Partha with some excellent
shafts of his. The son of Pandu, laughing, next slew the king's steeds endued with large size and great
speed. Descending from his car, the king inflamed with rage, fought his sire on foot. Gratified with the
prowess of his son, that foremost one of the sons of Pritha, viz., the son of the wielder of the thunderbolt,
began to afflict him greatly. The mighty Vabhruvahana, thinking that his father was no longer able
to face him, again afflicted him with many shafts resembling snakes of virulent poison. From a spirit of
boyishness he then vigorously pierced his father in the breast with a whetted shaft equipt with excellent
wings. That shaft, O king, penetrated the body of Pandu's son and reaching his very vital caused him
great pain. The delighter
of the Kurus, Dhananjaya, deeply pierced therewith by his son, then fell down in a swoon on the Earth,
O king. When that hero, that bearer of the burthens of the Kuru's fell down, the son of Chitrangada also
became deprived of his senses. The latter's swoon was due to his exertions in battle as also to his grief at
seeing his sire slain. He had been pierced deeply by Arjuna with clouds of arrows. He, therefore, fell
down at the van of battle embracing the Earth. Rearing that her husband had been slain and that her son
had fallen down on the Earth, Chitrangada, in great agitation of mind, repaired to the field of battle. Her
heart burning with sorrow, weeping piteously the while, and trembling all over, the mother of the ruler
of Manipura saw her slain husband."'
"Vaisampayana said, 'That lady of eyes like lotus petals, having indulged in copious lamentations, and
burning with grief, at last lost her senses and fell down on the Earth.
Chitrangada and her son decide to starve to death unable to bear the grief of Arjuna's death.
"Vaisampayana continued, 'When the king of Manipura, that chastiser of foes, afflicted with grief, along
with his mother, sat down to starve himself to death, Ulupi then thought of the gem that has the virtue of
reviving a dead man. The gem, the great refuge of the snakes, thus thought of, came there. The daughter
of the prince of snakes taking it up, uttered these words that highly gladdened the combatants standing
on the field. 'Rise up, O son. Do not grieve. Jishnu has not been vanquished by thee. This hero is
incapable of being vanquished by men as also by the deities with Vasava himself at their head I have
exhibited this illusion, deceiving your senses, for the benefit of this foremost of men, viz., thy illustrious
sire. O thou of Kuru's race, desirous of ascertaining the prowess of thyself, his son, this slayer of hostile
heroes, O king, came here for battling with thee. It was for that reason, O son, that thou wert urged by
me to do battle. O puissant king, O son, do not suspect that thou hast committed any, even the least,
fault, by accepting his challenge. He is a Rishi, of a mighty soul, eternal and indestructible. O dear son,
Sakra himself is incapable of vanquishing him in battle. This celestial gem has been brought by me, O
king. It always revives the snakes as often as they die. O puissant king, do thou place this gem on the
breast of thy sire. Thou shalt then see the son of Pandu revived.' Thus addressed, the prince who had
committed no sin, moved by affection for his sire, then placed that gem on the breast of Pritha's son of
immeasurable energy. After the gem had been placed on his breast; the heroic and puissant Jishnu
became revived. Opening his red eyes he rose up like one who had slept long. Beholding his sire, the
high-souled hero of great energy, restored to consciousness and quite at his ease, Vabhruvahana
worshipped him with reverence. When that tiger among men, O puissant one, awoke from the slumber
of death with every auspicious sign of life, the chastiser of Paka rained down celestial flowers. Kettledrums
struck by nobody, produced their music deep as the roar of the cloud. A loud uproar was heard in
the welkin consisting of the words--Excellent, Excellent! The mighty-armed Dhananjaya, rising up and
well-comforted, embraced Vabhruvahana and smelled his head.
Arjuna was revived by Ulupi through a celestial gem.

----------------

Draupadi was the common wife of Pandavas. Besides Draupadi, Yuddhishtira, Nakula and Sahadeva; each of them had one more wife. Arjuna married Chitrangada, Ulupi and Subhadra besides Draupadi. Bhima married Hidimva and princess of Kashi besides Draupadi.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by abhishek_sharma »

Okay, I have completed reading Volume 9 of Mahasamar. Final post:

After the war, Kunti left with Dhritrashra and Gandhari for serving them in the forest. *sigh*

---

At one point of time, it was probable that Jarasandh, Kalyavan and Bakasur would attack Mathura. Lord Krishna left Mathura for Dwarka because he did not want the people of Mathura to suffer in war. He is also called "run-chhor" (a person who leaves a fight) due to this event. This is a lesson for even the greatest warrior that they should avoid unnecessary violence. There is a difference between war and cruelty. Even common soldiers in the enemy camp should not be subjected to unnecessary violence. For example, Arjun asked Bheem to stop killing Drupad's soldiers when they had already achieved their aim of capturing Drupad.

----
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by brihaspati »

RamaY wrote:
brihaspati wrote:
Nothing much has been talked of the dharma of a bride who has after all chosen herself in swayamavara one single man - being ordered to accept 4 other men simultaneously. A peculiar past-life justification is added - that it was Draupadi who "desired" it before in that life. But we dont get Draupadi's voice. Did she become the property of Kunti by virtue of choice of Draupadi of Arjuna - to be disposed off as she chooses? Was Draupadi warned that such could be teh case before she garlanded Arjuna? Was the act of garlanding, marriage - seems so since she accompanied the brothers from her parental palace to her "chosens" residence? In that case could her later marriages be "dharmik"? If it was dharmik then - why is it no longer dharmik now to have such simultaneous sequential marriages?
:)

Bji, A Telugu author recently wrote a book 'Draupadi' giving Draupadi's version on the events in MB. He got a Jnanapeeth (for) after that book. Few SivSainiks slapped him for describing her first nights with the Pandavas, in a vivid manner.

I can't type much from this IPadMe. Will write on it on Monday.
RamaYji, I meant nothing much in Vyasdeva.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by JwalaMukhi »

johneeG wrote
In Kali Yuga, Parikshit allowed Kali to live at the place of gambling and thus gambling has become a vice for anyone and everyone. But, before that, gambling was allowed for kings and royalty as a pleasure. Also, Yuddhishtira(Dharmaraja) was cheated in the game by the Shakuni.
johneeG garu, thanks for explaining that. Kali is allowed to live in few select places, by Parikshit. Kali is allowed because he comes with the baggage of good too. In his era, he brings a simpler mechanism of "nama sankirtanam" to attain moksha.
That being said, so the question will be - did gambling became vice only after kali is allowed to live there. If so, does the same thing apply to "other select places" where kali is allowed? i.e., they became vice only after kali enters, prior to that were they not considered as vice?
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by ramana »

JohneeG, Can you comment on the parallels between Jarasandha Vadh and the Pandavas exile?

Jarasandha accepts dwandha yuddha with Bhima. He had no reason to do so. Yet he accepts just as Dharmaraja accepts the dice game.

Both were following Dharma of not refusing a challenge. Moreover Dharmaraja was bound by the Vedic rites prescribed for Rajasuya which had a dice game. Was Jarasandha also bound by the rules of sacrifice of 100 kings to Rudra which we don't know?

Jarasandha fights for 13 days before getting killed by Bhima upon Krishna's stratagem.

Pandavas go into 12 years vanvas with 1 year agnayatvas. Total 13 years.

And the Rajasuya begins in Maya Sabha but ends in Hastinapura sabha!
Another remark of mine is Tretayuga ended with Parsurama killing the Kshatriyas just as Dwaparayuga ends with the Mahabharata war.

Was Mahabharata really a Vedic template for the beginning of the Kali Yuga?
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by ramana »

Did any of you know that Harvard et al study the Mahabharata all the time!
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by johneeG »

JwalaMukhi wrote:johneeG wrote
In Kali Yuga, Parikshit allowed Kali to live at the place of gambling and thus gambling has become a vice for anyone and everyone. But, before that, gambling was allowed for kings and royalty as a pleasure. Also, Yuddhishtira(Dharmaraja) was cheated in the game by the Shakuni.
johneeG garu, thanks for explaining that. Kali is allowed to live in few select places, by Parikshit. Kali is allowed because he comes with the baggage of good too. In his era, he brings a simpler mechanism of "nama sankirtanam" to attain moksha.
That being said, so the question will be - did gambling became vice only after kali is allowed to live there. If so, does the same thing apply to "other select places" where kali is allowed? i.e., they became vice only after kali enters, prior to that were they not considered as vice?
Saar,
there are general rules and special rules. General rules are for everyone at all times in all places and circumstances. Special rules are specific to certain people or times or places or circumstances.

Generally, gambling was allowed for royalty. And others were discouraged. Gambling(along with war) was considered a fair means of winning or losing a kingdom. Of course, both gambling and war had to be fair. King Nala lost and regained His kingdom through gambling.

Royalty had some special concessions. They were allowed certain kinds of wines and meat, multiple wives(along with concubines), gambling, hunting, war, entertainment...etc.

These concessions were to comfort the royalty which had a very serious task on their hands. The royalty were expected to protect the virtuous and punish the wicked regardless of personal consequences. The royalty were expected to fight wars for that purpose...kill or be killed for that cause. This was their primary duty(Sva Dharma).

However, the royalty has also been warned to avoid addictions that they can acquire given their position. Ten addictions that royalty must avoid:
Hunting, gambling, sleeping during the day, lustfulness, inebriation, pride, calumny, lounging about idly or aimlessly, diversions such as singing and dancing.

Thus, gambling was allowed for royalty, but they are warned not to get addicted to it.

Gambling was always acknowledged as a root of many quarrels and feuds(incidentally, chief trademark of Kali is feuds and quarrels among people including close relatives/family-members). Gambling was also avoided lest one is addicted to it.
Vaisampayana continued,--"Dhritarashtra, hearing these words of affliction uttered by Duryodhana from
mixed feeling, himself ready to what Duryodhana had dictated, commanded his servant, saying,--'Let
artificers be employed to erect without delay a delightful and handsome and spacious palace with an
hundred doors and a thousand columns. And having brought carpenters and joiners, set ye jewels and
precious stones all over the walls. And making it handsome and easy of access, report to me when
everything is complete. And, O monarch, king Dhritarashtra having made this resolution for the
pacification of Duryodhana, sent messengers unto Vidura for summoning him. For without taking
counsel with Vidura never did the monarch form any resolution. But as regards the matter at hand, the
king although he knew the evils of gambling, was
yet attracted towards it. The intelligent Vidura, however, as soon as he heard of it, knew that the arrival
of Kali was at hand
.
The highlighted part indicates that gambling(and ensuing feuds) was always one of qualities of Kali (even in previous Yugas).

King Parikshit, more or less, allowed to Kali those places/qualities where Kali already inhabited. The only exception, perhaps(I am not sure), was gold.

So, gambling was always fraught with risks of addiction or feuds. Yet, it was allowed for royalty. But even they were warned of its hazards. In Kali Yuga, the affects are amplified and thus, it is to be avoided by everyone and anyone.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by Agnimitra »

ramana wrote:Was Mahabharata really a Vedic template for the beginning of the Kali Yuga?
How do you mean "template"?
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by abhishek_sharma »

ramana wrote:Jarasandha accepts dwandha yuddha with Bhima. He had no reason to do so. Yet he accepts just as Dharmaraja accepts the dice game.

Both were following Dharma of not refusing a challenge.
Yudhistira accepted the dice game because Dhritrashtra asked him to do so. According to his dharma, one has to do what his/her father says. (And he continued to play because Dhritrashtra never asked him to stop. That is why Vidur repeatedly requested Dhritrashtra to end the game.)
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by Klaus »

Carl wrote:
ramana wrote:Was Mahabharata really a Vedic template for the beginning of the Kali Yuga?
How do you mean "template"?
The status of women in society perhaps. From Madhavi to Draupadi.

Perhaps, the elite in US university system have realized that India is a competing value system with which they are going to have a protracted rivalry. Hence, the efforts proceed on two fronts- one to compete and the other to delegitimize.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by Agnimitra »

Klaus that sounds pretty sinister. If they see any good in the Vedic value system, why not cooperate and help expand? India would be thrilled to let them or China be the executive leaders of Vedic civilizing mission, in the active role. A Garuda of sorts.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by ramana »

Carl I mean Mahabharata was a way to convey the Vedic dharma thru the ages. Since the events were close to end of Dwapara Yuga people didnt find it odd. But now we question some aspects of it.

BTW, Hemachandra Ray Chaudhari you quoted was the uncle of our RayC and a renowned scholar of ancient India.

Speak of six degrees of separation!
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by ramana »

Carl, Harvard is Harvard Divinity College and then everything else. Same with Oxford and Cambridge!!!
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by Agnimitra »

ramana wrote:Carl I mean Mahabharata was a way to convey the Vedic dharma thru the ages. Since the events were close to end of Dwapara Yuga people didnt find it odd. But now we question some aspects of it.
ramana ji,

The pumshchali meme that I was highlighting...it has various applications, some of which may not be that "questionable" even by today's standards. As I already pointed out, the punshchali was a lady who bound together a group of vratyas who formed a sabhaa that served as a defensive/offensive civilizing mission in the penumbra of Vedic society, separated from the core settlement. This sabha was either -
(a) an inculturating, transformative mechanism, targeted either at civilizing a fallen other, or targetted at internal reform by separation and metamorphosis, ...
(b) or a roving defensive/offensive force against an other.

Now, later on in the same book, Raychaudhuri also mentions that Vishnugupta Chanakya also uses the word pumshchali as a female spy or agent who served the state in various ways, mostly by mingling with men and affecting them psychologically, apart from milking them for data. Again, its not socially honorable in an ordinary sense, but it is honorable for the element of sacrifice in emergency condition. I think this aspect of the same dharmik meme can easily be appreciated by us today also.
ramana wrote:BTW, Hemachandra Ray Chaudhari you quoted was the uncle of our RayC and a renowned scholar of ancient India.

Speak of six degrees of separation!
Wow!
Last edited by Agnimitra on 06 Feb 2012 07:26, edited 1 time in total.
devesh
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by devesh »

Carl ji,
from what I understand of the Abrahamic memes, it is basically a conflict of who can come up with the best mobilizing tactic and implement it on mass level. the "Western" elite have been doing pretty well with the Abrahamic/Christian mobilization memes. they've amassed great fortunes based on the vicissitudes imposed by that theology on their respective societies. no matter what happened to society at large, the elites have been able to continuously empower and enrich themselves. under these circumstances, there really is no reason for those elites to nurture and encourage an "unpredictable" and "alien" ideology which originated and developed for 1000's of years outside of their control. they find the "Hindu" too unpredictable and too "alien" for their thought process to be comfortable with that system. and to top it all off, the "Hindu" socio-political system has repeatedly shown the ability to build powerful empires and entities and also a willingness to challenge the supremacy of the "Western" elites too....after all, Britain and EIC did not gain India before first crushing Marathas and Sikhs.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by brihaspati »

Pumschali in the earlier family organization format would be a continuation of a form of matriarchy, hence very ancient in origin. The Draupadi story indicates the possibility of a much earlier phase than the time its being formalized in. The difficulty arises in fitting it by force into a customary framework - that is stime, society, place dependent.

Youc an see that in the entire MB, marriages are more free and contractual on both sides - ladies give conditions and initiate relationships as much as men. The narrator of MB of course obviously uncomfortably swallows on the "free choice" portions, and inevitably adds the line that the man did what was "dharma" sammata kryiadi before spending the "night". The ritual fire and solemnization of marriage with preferbaly sampradana by some male relative is invariably added but with very thin description in most cases - compared to more elaborate description of roles for when the marriage was really being decided by politics and parents.

The lack of elaboration of specifics, including persons in claimed marriage rites - indicates that most likely they were added on later to prevent them being cited as precedence for freer choice by prospective brides and grooms both.

johneeG garu, look at for example Madhvacharyas Mahabharata Tatparya Nirnaya. Almost all the existing versions are compilations and collations of different editions of manuscripts found in the south - with Nialakantha's version dominating. We really do not know how much even of Vyasdeva is Vyasdeva's. KMG's preface actually states that he collated from several versions sourced from the south and even pre-existing Bengali versions.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by ramana »

There is epub version by C. Vaidya called Mahabarata Criticism written in early 1900s. I got it from archive.org/

I also have Iravati Karve's Yuganta.What we need is our own criticism or vimarshana.

BTW I also have the two volumes/books by Uty of Chicago's Van Buitenen. He died before completing the rest.
He compares the rites to Anglo-Saxon coronation rites even in 1800s. An customs in tribal society.

If you step back Indic/Vedic society was the norm far and wide.


One interesting thing is Hindus never bought the divine rights of the King unlike elsewhere.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by devesh »

Ramana garu, spot on observation. the "divine right" is a unique contribution from dictatorial societies. China seems to have swallowed that one hook, line, and sinker, and that's probably one of the reasons why Chinese history repeatedly shows "empires" or "states" lingering on after their use-by date for generations or decades more. they continue to decompose and decay and continue to weaken society without any real reaction from within. eventually, either an invasion, or some tribe or group which was relatively free from the dominant historical claims and narratives of the given time, decide to take advantage and topple the reigning dynasty/state and establish their own imperial order.

Europe of course has its own examples. one splendid example still surviving till today, regardless of the obvious zero-contribution to their society and the degraded history of piracy that they have. it seems that society really isn't bothered, most likely based on the same subconscious belief in subservience to the "divine right" of a lineage.

France was another example until the Revolution. Prussia was another glorious example, until it was simply crushed and abolished and any historical/cultural traces of that state were wiped out after being pushed out of Poland in 1945. In the case of the Europeans, it could simply be the subconscious pull of the "one true path". Anurag Sanghi makes an interesting observation that the "history" of the "Christian Civilization" only began after the invention of the State. before the "State", there really was no history of the "Desert Bloc", as he calls it. the Pagan traditions obviously had no such special linking of history with a "state", but since those were wiped out and Christianity interprets the "history" of the West, the "West" has chosen to consider only history after the establishment of a State. He argues that this is a huge contrast with Bharat.
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Re: Discussion on Indian Epics, Texts, Treatises & Kathas

Post by Venkarl »

Gurus,

Though I didn't contribute anything to this thread, at the risk of interfering the ongoing discussion, I would like to seek some information on Astrology(Planets) and Gems associated with from resident experts here. I myself am in a big confusion how to put across my doubt/confusion/question. Please bear with me in if I sound confused/silly or for that sake an Idiot.

Here it is:
From this link I've learned that "Vedic Astrology is the science of astronomy and astrology. The Yajur and Rig Vedas have sections attached to them dealing with astronomy, whereas the Atharva Veda has a section dealing with astrology."

I don't know the ABCs of Vedic Astrology but I've basic knowledge about Nava Grahas and their Stones:

Code: Select all


Graha        Stone 
Sun           Ruby
Moon         Pearl
Mercury     Emerald
Venus       Diamond
Mars         Coral(Red)
Jupiter       Yellow Sapphire
Saturn       Blue Sapphire
Rahu         Hessonite
Ketu          Cat's Eye
This is what our Vedic Astrology prescribes as I gather. I do not know on what basis these stones were suggested to the planets respectively by our Vedic Authors.
Here, (1)I'd like to know that basis/reason.

Recently, I thought of owning a telescope/binoculars for backyard astronomy. In that process, Googal unkal & utoob chachi helped me how different planets will look through telescope/binocs. I've noticed that Saturn with its rings looks blue, Jupiter-Orange, etc. This made me think that Modern Optics Subject have helped us to see the colors of the planets.
Here, (2) Did our Vedic Ancestors have the "optics saastra" or something similar during their times to prescribe a stone for a planet? Does it have anything to do with it at all?
Please do not misunderstand me. I am trying to relate a scientific analogy ala Aeronautics==Vimana Saastra(We have some info on VS). So, I am afraid that Divyadrishti and all will not convince me.

Some googling gave me this but WWW isn't helping me to know more about it.
अप्रप्याग्रहनम कायाभ्रपतालास्फतिकंतारितोपलाब्धे:

Aprapyagrahanam kayabhrapatalasphatikantaritopalabdheh ||

"That which cannot be perceived (with naked eye) can be perceived with (lens made of) glass, mica or crystal."

Source: Nyaya Darsham, Adhyayah 3, sutram 46, kanadah (800 BC)
(1) and (2) are the things which are keeping me awake late night for a month and have made myself a fool by talking on this subject with friends as I am not able put this doubt nicely. An elderly person had said that all this comes from Sankhya Saastra but he could not tell me how a particular stone was associated with a planet using Sankhya Saastra. I am seeking this info because not only for my thirst but our increasingly westernising future generations will understand the importance of our Vedic traditions only if we can explain things to them scientifically and practically with sources.

So, Gurus...I've tried my best to put my confusion(s) in words. Please forgive me if I'm wrong anywhere. Help needed.
Also, If this is not the thread to discuss this confusion, please let me know.

Regards.
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