Indian Missiles and Munitions Discussion

[Indranil]

Austin ji,

Your intention was the reason why you did not get a warning, and the others did! But in hindsight ask yourself, what were you expecting when you asked, "what happened to mythical weapons?"

No harm done for now. Let's move on.

[member_27847]

Moderator note

Naive as I may sound but what happened to the celestial weapon that ancient Indian scriptures spoke about in Mahabharata , Ramayan and others ..... are those lost completely ? All the weapons we have till date would be like a Toy weapons if those ancient high energy weapons would ever get realised today.

Austin ji,

There was no need for this comment which eventually led to the derailment of this thread. Please be careful next time. You might attract a warning.

Indranil,

The question is genuine. And the answer is that knowledge is NOT lost.
The purpose of moderation should not be to kill such questions as 'most' of Indians still believe in scriptures and believe that stories contained therein are true.

I have given a proper reply that such weapons can be given by a Rishi to a 'dharmi' ruler only ('dharmi' according to Vedic rules). The weapon is given to a specific person only (and not to a country), and can be used by that person only.

This clears the doubts hopefully for all.

[member_27847]

I am looking for answers to the following:

1. How many Agni and Prithvi are deployed?

I know the number is 'secret' etc., but we all know that these are 'weapon systems' that require considerable manufacturing and storage infrastructure. Fixed sites are needed for storage. Fixed sites are also needed for 'hiding areas' and 'launch areas'. The large size of missiles and their carrying vehicles make them conspicuous in transport. So the numbers can not be so 'secret' after all.

2. Is road mobile missiles the preferred one now?

My doubt is that India has to rely almost exclusively on railway for missile movement. There are many reasons for it. First and foremost is that the government owns the railway system. So it can 'plan' storage areas and 'movement' methods much better. Although highways have been improved considerably in the last decade, the situation is still patchy. The highways suffer from bad maintenance, congestion, misuse (like cattle crossing highways) etc. It is much harder to devise a fool-proof movement plan using roads. In comparison, rail traffic can be rerouted or trains can be quickly diverted to platforms and sidings to ensure free movement of a missile train. There is proper infrastructure in place in the rail system to allow quick movement of a missile train.

3. Possible fire bases?

Border areas can not be used for storage of nuclear materials. Security is a big problem in India. It is very likely that thousands of enemy saboteurs will try to destroy India's critical sites in case of war. It seems Indian planners have recognized the problem and developed missiles with greater ranges and with less logistics. However security implications remain, forcing limitations on areas suitable for storage and movement.

[Sagar G]

I am looking for answers to the following:

1. How many Agni and Prithvi are deployed?

So the numbers can not be so 'secret' after all.

Yes they are and no need to discuss about it on a public forum.

2. Is road mobile missiles the preferred one now?

Yes and they are cross country capable hence your doubts are misplaced.

3. Possible fire bases?

Away from the reach of enemy strike.

[Indranil]

Indranil,

The question is genuine. And the answer is that knowledge is NOT lost.
The purpose of moderation should not be to kill such questions as 'most' of Indians still believe in scriptures and believe that stories contained therein are true.

I have given a proper reply that such weapons can be given by a Rishi to a 'dharmi' ruler only ('dharmi' according to Vedic rules). The weapon is given to a specific person only (and not to a country), and can be used by that person only.

This clears the doubts hopefully for all.

Let us only discuss missiles and munitions which can be had today in India by dharmis and adharmis alike.

No more discussion on this, please.

[Karan M]

It should be useful to create and analyze a list of the number of Indian missile programs underway...

[Avarachan]

Just checking out the Bhramos missile on wiki and I read that the initial test of Bhramos failed in 2009. The reason given was that Obama was sworn into office as president on that day and the US shut off GPS.

That is so outrageous it is specious in thinking. GPS is relied upon not just by the US military but by many, many commerical applications such as the airline travel industry. It is an essential tool forthe safety for everyone. To think that the authorities would shut down GPS worldwide for a presidential inauguration and completely ignore commercial safety aspects of this is simply incredible.

TSJones, what I read at the time was that the U.S. was "blinking" GPS globally on that day due to the American presidential inauguration. (I just did a quick Google search, but I can't find the link now. Perhaps others can locate one.)

That blinking would cause problems for a supersonic missile like BrahMos, but not for a commercial airliner. Another relevant issue was that this was a very specialized test (50 km rather than the normal 290 km).

http://preview.tinyurl.com/kk6uhcr

The Wiki page should be updated with more precise language.

[Aditya_V]

If indeed US GPS updates are critical for Brahmos missile, given US-Chinese-TSP relations those missiles can be considered as duds. As US can do the same blinking in War time .

[member_27847]

I am looking for answers to the following:

1. How many Agni and Prithvi are deployed?

So the numbers can not be so 'secret' after all.

Yes they are and no need to discuss about it on a public forum.

2. Is road mobile missiles the preferred one now?

Yes and they are cross country capable hence your doubts are misplaced.

3. Possible fire bases?

Away from the reach of enemy strike.

1. Not looking for any exact or 'official number'. I am sure BR people may have estimated this.

2. Cross country run of a missile carrier is out of question. The issue is not the truck but the missile.

Any concept has to be proven in reality. You test missiles, as that is the only way to be sure if it will work when needed. Similarly any movement (on paved or unpaved roads) has to be tested and then missile fired to see if it is not damaged in transit.

The Agni series carriers are quite large and are conventional tractor-trailers meant to be run on good roads.

3. What is 'away from the enemy strike'. This is impossible. The Chinese have cruise missiles and ballistic missiles that pretty much can cover all of India. US/Russia deploy silo based missiles for a reason.

[member_24146]

Selective availability (SA) of GPS in non commercial sector does existed in past and there is no reason to believe that US Govt doesn't selectively switch off or downgrade commercial (military) GPS signals.

Selective Availability (SA) was an intentional degradation of public GPS signals implemented for national security reasons.

So if SA happened in non commercial sector... then there is no reason to believe SA doesn't exist in commercial sector.

User panel says US should scrap GPS off switch

More Info

[Sagar G]

2. Cross country run of a missile carrier is out of question. The issue is not the truck but the missile.

Any concept has to be proven in reality. You test missiles, as that is the only way to be sure if it will work when needed. Similarly any movement (on paved or unpaved roads) has to be tested and then missile fired to see if it is not damaged in transit.

If the missile has been hardened enough to sustain the off road shocks then I don't see why it can't be cross country capable. Yes it won't be able to go to each and every place but will be able to move in varied landscapes.

The Agni series carriers are quite large and are conventional tractor-trailers meant to be run on good roads.

How come you are so sure that they aren't capable of moving in not so good roads ???

3. What is 'away from the enemy strike'. This is impossible. The Chinese have cruise missiles and ballistic missiles that pretty much can cover all of India. US/Russia deploy silo based missiles for a reason.

Which cruise missile they have which covers all of India ??? Yes they do have BM's which can target all of India but if your missiles are spread over a large landmass your enemy won't be able to take them out at one go, SLBM further complicates the situation for the enemy. Silo deployment is one aspect of making it complicated for your enemy so yes a nation can have nuclear missiles away from the reach of it's enemies and hence constitutes deterrence.

[TSJones]

Selective availability (SA) of GPS in non commercial sector does existed in past and there is no reason to believe that US Govt doesn't selectively switch off or downgrade commercial (military) GPS signals.

Selective Availability (SA) was an intentional degradation of public GPS signals implemented for national security reasons.

So if SA happened in non commercial sector... then there is no reason to believe SA doesn't exist in commercial sector.

User panel says US should scrap GPS off switch

More Info

selective availability does not explain the large margin of error for the bhramos test shot. also, why do it globally when just limiting it for the coninental US would suffice for the presidential inauguration? sorry, but it is too much hyperbole.

[Austin]

Probably a one one event where GPS Blinking and some guidance issue caused it to over reach the target , subsequently Brahmos has been upgraded with GLONASS Receiver and perhaps now dual GPS/Glonass , Dr Pillai mentions the GLONASS worked well for Brahmos

http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100825/160334563.html

BrahMos Aerospace Ltd., a Russian-Indian joint venture manufacturing supersonic cruise missiles, is successfully using Russian-built Glonass receivers for aiming and target acquisition, CEO Sivathanu Pillai said on Wednesday.

He said the receivers performed reliably and consistently.

[Singha]

india does not have deserts or large forested zones like siberia for x-country ICBM vehicles to be needed. probably our launch sites are pre surveyed areas accessible a short drive off national highways.
so I have given up on seeing the topol-M type vehicles locally.

for tactical systems like smerch or nirbhay the x-country AWD vehicle types are used.

[rohitvats]

The location of missile systems will depend on the range of the missile and intended target base inside the enemy territory.

Further - these points also need to be taken of:

- One also needs to factor in the availability of infrastructure and overall security scenario to base such weapon systems.

- Given the requirement for fail-safe communication system for missile units to communicate with SFC, the location needs to have uninterrupted and high voltage power source.

- One also needs to factor in that warheads, as per sources we have seen, are not mated to the missiles or delivery systems. Whatever be the location, it would be have to be so placed that warheads can reach the missile base before they can move out to firing positions.

- The best way to transport the 'bouquet' safely is through air and hence, we need air-base within close proximity of the missile base. This would preferably be Air Force base with presence of Indian Army units nearby to provide security - to both the missile base as well as the package when it is transported.

Considering the above and the fact that we don't silo based missiles, chances are that missile regiment locations will either double as fire bases. The firing positions may be situated not too far from the missile regiment base for you do't want missile TEL to be exposed too much during movement to firing base.

[Karan M]

We don't do silo based missiles? Werent there several reports to the effect that we were considering silo based missiles? Fire bases have a huge hit me here I am issue if they are known/detected. Fairly certain DRDO is looking at silos seriously.

A reference:
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/sh ... 376092.ece

W. Selvamurthy, Chief Controller (R&D), DRDO, said the Shourya missile provided the country with “a second strike capability” because it was a variant of the under-water launched K-15 missile (Sagarika). “We can keep the missile in a secured position [silo] to carry either conventional or nuclear warheads,” Dr. Selvamurthy said.

Having said that, it does seem that road mobile missiles are what DRDO is aiming at as a priority... now, question is where these missiles will be stored, if you call that as a fire base - agree.. but hiding these is paramount.

In today’s world, with the way the precision and yield of weapons are going up, it is very difficult to store missiles in static sites. Fifty years ago, we kept the missiles in hardened silos. At that time, the missiles used to land with a CEP [circular error probability] of a few kilometres. Today, they have a CEP of 100 metres. With 100 metres, the kind of defences that you will want is so massive that it will be impractical to have them.

So what is the way out? It is that you should be mobile. When a target is static, it is most vulnerable. A moving target has better chances of survival.

A road-mobile missile has many avenues to go. In a city like New Delhi, where hundreds of thousands of vehicles are moving, it is not easy to keep track.

When does the Army want a canisterised Agni-V from now?

A canister gives you the best advantages. You can stop on the roadside on the highway, launch from there and go away. You can stop the traffic for five minutes on either side, launch and go away. Your ability to move, your options to launch and your operational flexibility increase manifold. You have a reduced reaction time. Everything is already prepared. Just make the missile vertical in three minutes, and the launching takes another few minutes. So you stop, launch and go off. That does not give the enemy a chance even if he detects you. He does not know from where you are going to launch. Only when you have made the missile vertical for launch will he realise that you are going to launch it. The boost-phase destruction that people are talking of, that is, the missile getting destroyed before it takes off, will not be possible if you have a short reaction time as in a canisterised launch unless you have a space-based radar weapons system. Today, it is non-existent and is not likely to be developed in the next couple of decades at least.

Source: http://www.indiandefence.com/forums/ind ... z2hj42bd00

[Rahul M]

TSJones, it is brah-mos not bhramos.

it was not the first test which happened way back in 2001 but user trials of a version with new seeker SW. the GPS could have blinked just in that region alone and may have nothing to do with obama.

US might simply have wanted to find out if the system was using their GPS signals and done a selective blackout in that particular region. after all that region is a well known test range and preparations had been going on for some days.

[Prem Kumar]

I have reasons to doubt that the U.S GPS signals blinked during the Brahmos test. This has nothing to do with Unkil's good heart. It has to do with practicality.

At a 50 Km range, the flight time of the missile would have been less than a minute. Did the U.S have precise intelligence of exactly when the test was going to be held on a given day? I doubt it, given that advance notice of the test-timings arent publicized by DRDO + there could have been unforeseen delays.

The other possibility is that the GPS signal was turned off for a significant duration of the day (say entire morning). In this case, the DRDO has no one to blame but itself, because a simple hand held receiver could have detected the absence of a GPS signal. Also, if Brahmos uses GPS for navigation, shouldnt there be pre-flight tests to see if it receives the signal and whether the pre-launch coordinates are accurate? At any rate, would the Americans bet on DRDO not catching this before the test?

There is also the possibility that the signals were randomly switched on/off over a period of time. But then, the Americans wouldnt know for a fact whether their jamming experiment succeeded or not.

All in all, this somehow smells like an urban myth

P.S. I am not saying the U.S wouldnt turn off GPS in the event of an Indo-Pak war. They very well might. But doing this during a test necessitates too many things happening too precisely.

[Rahul M]

if they were interested in the system how difficult it would have been to have a sat above ? one armed with an IR cam can provide real-time feed of a missile launch.

[SaiK]

indranil, that kind of discussion (for both sides of vasuki) would be trishul! it is sad we did not realize it in its full weaponization config.

[Rahul M]

psyche ji, give it a rest.


http://week.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/ ... 375&BV_ID=@@@

TAILPIECE: Kalam had anticipated the make-the-bomb decision before the NDA came to power. He had built the strongroom in the PM House, and tested Agni-1 thrice by 1998.

The big powers test every missile 10 to 15 times. So when there was no fourth test, some of us wrote that Gujral had given up Agni under US pressure.

One evening we got a call from Swagat Ghosh, the amiable defence PR director, for a drink in the Battle Honours Mess. The evening had just warmed up when there walked in Kalam with a puckish smile and a glass of fruit juice. "Look," he said earnestly after a few minutes of leg-pulling over our off-the-mark reports, "I always knew I can't afford several tests; so I had packed more than 600 parameters in three tests. My missile is ready. It's for the cabinet to decide whether to 'cap' it with a nuclear warhead. So please don't write that we have given up Agni."

After an hour-long lecture on nuclear and missile technologies, he left us saying, "I haven't met you."

We were left high, not dry.

more than a decade after he retired, APJ continues to awe.

[ramana]

You need two tests with Max heating and Max q bar. And repeat them. All other tests are for quality control reasons.
By measuring those parameters and comparing to expected nominal values one can verify the reliability numbers.

BTW, it was not called Agni-I in those days. It was just Agni TD.

Agni-1 came after Kargil when it was realised that short range BMs are destabilizing and draw unneeded attention from USA in particular with their flashpoint rhetoric.


So R. Prasanan is still making off the cuff remarks despite admonishment from gentle Kalam.

[ramana]

BTW soon after Parakram I had suggested declaring the Prithvi short range missile as conventionally armed as a CBM and to give Ind Army flexibility in FEBA.

Looks like MMS is ready for that if one goes by hint in R Prasanan article in the Week.

[Kanson]

that kind of discussion (for both sides of vasuki) would be trishul! it is sad we did not realize it in its full weaponization config.

You will, Sir

[Kanson]

strategic analyst(who dreams of megaton warheads) mentioned mountains used by IA to emplace Agni-II missile. That was long back. We have gone much beyond Agni-II

[symontk]

I have reasons to doubt that the U.S GPS signals blinked during the Brahmos test. This has nothing to do with Unkil's good heart. It has to do with practicality.

At a 50 Km range, the flight time of the missile would have been less than a minute. Did the U.S have precise intelligence of exactly when the test was going to be held on a given day? I doubt it, given that advance notice of the test-timings arent publicized by DRDO + there could have been unforeseen delays.

The other possibility is that the GPS signal was turned off for a significant duration of the day (say entire morning). In this case, the DRDO has no one to blame but itself, because a simple hand held receiver could have detected the absence of a GPS signal. Also, if Brahmos uses GPS for navigation, shouldnt there be pre-flight tests to see if it receives the signal and whether the pre-launch coordinates are accurate? At any rate, would the Americans bet on DRDO not catching this before the test?

There is also the possibility that the signals were randomly switched on/off over a period of time. But then, the Americans wouldnt know for a fact whether their jamming experiment succeeded or not.

All in all, this somehow smells like an urban myth

P.S. I am not saying the U.S wouldnt turn off GPS in the event of an Indo-Pak war. They very well might. But doing this during a test necessitates too many things happening too precisely.

Still it doesn't match

When DRDO publishes a test, it sends out a NOTAM to ships and Aircraft and for the time of the test, there won't be any aircraft or ships in the vicinity. So US can safely switch off the GPS in the local region without impacting anything

[Kanson]

selective availability does not explain the large margin of error for the bhramos test shot

Another instance of stupid reporting.

[Prem Kumar]

RahulM: even if they had a dedicated IR sat (or say a stealth UAV): getting a live feed of the launch from the satellite, making a rapid (likely human) decision to turn off GPS & feeding that info to the GPS satellites --> all of these in real time require an extremely high degree of planning, coordination & resources. Like the Abottabad operation. Just seems unlikely they would go through all that trouble to mess with a Brahmos test.

Symontk: the NOTAM are for sea launches. This test was conducted in the desert. Moreover, the NOTAM is not for a precise point in time - its for an extended duration. So, the U.S might have known the day of the test but not the time of the test

[TSJones]

From Wiki:

One of the reasons given for developing Galileo as an independent system was that position information from GPS can be made significantly inaccurate by the deliberate application of universal Selective Availability (SA) by the US military; this was enabled until 2000, and can be re-enabled at any time. GPS is widely used worldwide for civilian applications; Galileo's proponents argued that civil infrastructure, including aeroplane navigation and landing, should not rely solely upon a system with this vulnerability.

On 2 May 2000, SA was disabled by the President of the United States, Bill Clinton; in late 2001 the entity managing the GPS confirmed that they did not intend to enable selective availability ever again.[42] Though Selective Availability capability still exists, on 19 September 2007 the US Department of Defense announced that newer GPS satellites would not be capable of implementing Selective Availability;[43] the wave of Block IIF satellites launched in 2009, and all subsequent GPS satellites, do not support SA. As old satellites are replaced in the GPS Block IIIA program, SA will cease to be an option. The modernisation programme also contains standardised features that allow GPS III and Galileo systems to inter-operate, allowing receivers to be developed to utilise GPS and Galileo together to create an even more precise GNSS system.

[Prem Kumar]

TSJones: I would take this with a pinch of salt. The U.S is responding to criticism about Air Traffic safety & worried about the negative PR that it would receive (which will benefit other GPS providers like Galileo)

I dont believe the U.S would give up the "Selective Availability" capability, their public posturing notwithstanding.

[Hiten]

animated illustration about the Agni-series missiles & Wheeler Island test range

via http://www.aame.in/2013/10/agni-series- ... siles.html

[jamwal]

There is no such notice for cruise missile tests

[Rahul M]

@Prem Kumar, there is ni NOTAM for cruise missiles, as jamwal says.

as for GPS, if they were interested, they were interested. why is it so hard to believe that they will not display a half-hearted interest but a coordinated one ?

[Prem Kumar]

Not just a question of interested, but investing considerable resources to sabotage a test (of a proven missile).

Possible? Yes
Probable? No

IMO & all that

P.S. Thanks for the NOTAM info

[Karan M]

They could have just done it to be on the safe side for their own reasons - prez protection, the brahmos test was an unintentional victim.
And now with Glonass receivers that issue has been addressed..

[Kanson]

Not just a question of interested, but investing considerable resources to sabotage a test (of a proven missile).

Possible? Yes
Probable? No

IMO & all that

P.S. Thanks for the NOTAM info

FYI, the test range in POK is always watched. We may not know whether it was purposely turned off or mere accidental.

[Pratyush]

Turing off the GPS, if true? Was a huge self goal by the US. As it forced the DRDO to develop an alternative out side the control of the US.

If the US act was true. Then India benefited in the long run because of it.

[member_27847]

2. Cross country run of a missile carrier is out of question. The issue is not the truck but the missile.

Any concept has to be proven in reality. You test missiles, as that is the only way to be sure if it will work when needed. Similarly any movement (on paved or unpaved roads) has to be tested and then missile fired to see if it is not damaged in transit.

If the missile has been hardened enough to sustain the off road shocks then I don't see why it can't be cross country capable. Yes it won't be able to go to each and every place but will be able to move in varied landscapes.

The Agni series carriers are quite large and are conventional tractor-trailers meant to be run on good roads.

How come you are so sure that they aren't capable of moving in not so good roads ???

3. What is 'away from the enemy strike'. This is impossible. The Chinese have cruise missiles and ballistic missiles that pretty much can cover all of India. US/Russia deploy silo based missiles for a reason.

Which cruise missile they have which covers all of India ??? Yes they do have BM's which can target all of India but if your missiles are spread over a large landmass your enemy won't be able to take them out at one go, SLBM further complicates the situation for the enemy. Silo deployment is one aspect of making it complicated for your enemy so yes a nation can have nuclear missiles away from the reach of it's enemies and hence constitutes deterrence.

1. What do you mean by 'hardened enough'?

There is always a risk of solid rocket developing cracks. It is easier to transport a liquid fuel rocket.

Why all 'test' launches take place from only wheeler island and no other place?

The Agni series are big missiles and carriers are oversized (oversized load by length and breadth of vehicle) which requires special logistics for 'regular' roads in India.

2. Fire bases have to have suitable infrastructure. If you see pictures and videos of Agni launches, you will notice that launcher is jacked up, and is always on level concrete surface. A level concrete surface large enough for such a big launcher, and storage or at least hiding facility is must for a fire base.

3. Enemy can take out your missiles by multiple means, which includes cruise missiles fired from aircraft, ships and submarines. It is not necessary the enemy will fire cruise missiles only from land. As regards Chinese cruise missiles, refer to the following link:

http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-Cruise-Missiles.html

4. I do not visit this site often. So pardon me for delay in answering you.

5. My point is that citizens should be vigilant and should question government about its actions. Lack of oversight often equates to lack of capability. Lack of information on number of missiles etc. is not good for the purpose of deterrence. GOI nuclear policy is opaque and nobody understands it including defence people.

6. There are a number of ways of finding the production of Prithvi/Agni missiles. The organizations involved - DRDO and BDL publish financial data. These missiles are NOT cheap, and you can pretty much deduce how many could have been made in a year by looking at financial figures.

[Sagar G]

1. What do you mean by 'hardened enough'?

There is always a risk of solid rocket developing cracks. It is easier to transport a liquid fuel rocket.

Why all 'test' launches take place from only wheeler island and no other place?

The Agni series are big missiles and carriers are oversized (oversized load by length and breadth of vehicle) which requires special logistics for 'regular' roads in India.

Hardening of the missile here means that it's systems are capable to handle on-road conditions since they have been designed keeping that in mind.

Where are you going with the liquid fuel is easier to transport than solid fuel (since solid fuel according to you develop cracks) madarssa logic ??? If you didn't notice then we have multiple cross country enabled solid fuelled missiles already in our service and liquid fuelled Prithvi is being replaced with Solid fuelled missiles as well. So please think a bit before posting.

All tests take place from Wheeler island since that's where our missile test range is. Isn't this obvious !!!!!

Regarding your scholarly view about Agni missiles suspected impediment on "regular roads in India"

2. Fire bases have to have suitable infrastructure. If you see pictures and videos of Agni launches, you will notice that launcher is jacked up, and is always on level concrete surface. A level concrete surface large enough for such a big launcher, and storage or at least hiding facility is must for a fire base.

I don't see any point being made here.

3. Enemy can take out your missiles by multiple means, which includes cruise missiles fired from aircraft, ships and submarines. It is not necessary the enemy will fire cruise missiles only from land. As regards Chinese cruise missiles, refer to the following link:

http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-Cruise-Missiles.html

I asked you a specific question regarding your claim not to become Captain Obvious so I ask again regarding your previous claim, which CM does China have which can target all of India ???

5. My point is that citizens should be vigilant and should question government about its actions. Lack of oversight often equates to lack of capability. Lack of information on number of missiles etc. is not good for the purpose of deterrence. GOI nuclear policy is opaque and nobody understands it including defence people.

I don't see how this "teaching" by you has any need to be here on this thread.

6. There are a number of ways of finding the production of Prithvi/Agni missiles. The organizations involved - DRDO and BDL publish financial data. These missiles are NOT cheap, and you can pretty much deduce how many could have been made in a year by looking at financial figures.

So the genius in you has already figured what is to be done to know the no. of nooke capable missiles we have in our inventory then why are you posting in this thread asking for the same ??? Go ahead and take a look at the financial data of BDL, financial data of DRDO (whatever the hell that means).

Please carry on your further "questions" in newbie thread since they belong there and stop posting in points you are not making a ppt presentation here.

[Pratyush]

^^^

Is it just me or the wheels at end of the trailer have also turned, in order to aid the turning of the vehicle.. In the picture linked above.