Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

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ramana
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by ramana »

Turn on radar its like a siren going off.
Also read the article linked above. They are getting JDAM accuracy with the ranging method. The pod needs to be turned on momentarily to get a visual. Not continuous like laser guided PGM.


Need to think it terms of threats to India.
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Karan M »

>>They are getting JDAM accuracy with the ranging method.

One correction. They claim they are getting JDAM accuracy.
But if they were, why the need for KAB-500S or KAB-250S?
Why is the IAF integrating Griffin LGBs on its Su-30 MKIs?

IMO, the academic paper is not from the frontline or actual extended tests and is hence overly optimistic.
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Indranil »

I just saw a tender for Vane type Parachute system Type A as per spec. no. ARDE/Pinaka/Parachute/01/2015 as per list 3. It is supposed to be used on Pinaka Mk2 to deliver "remotely delivered munitions". So, I started to look up for "remotely delivered munitions, and chanced onthis paper.

Image
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Austin »

Karan M wrote:>>They are getting JDAM accuracy with the ranging method.

One correction. They claim they are getting JDAM accuracy.
But if they were, why the need for KAB-500S or KAB-250S?
Why is the IAF integrating Griffin LGBs on its Su-30 MKIs?

IMO, the academic paper is not from the frontline or actual extended tests and is hence overly optimistic.
Check the Su-24 Dumb Bomb video on Syriat thread , it may be not JDAM but its pretty accurate bombing of dumb bomb.
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Indranil »

RCI is seeking collaboration from Thales to develop 384X288 MWIR FPA based refractive system. They have issued a single-vendor tender.
RCI has developed 1st version of IIR seeker based on 128X128 LWIR FPA with a gear drive gimbal system. To improve the resolution, the following developments have been taken up.
a) 384X288 MWIR FPA based refractive system
b) Direct drive servo system
c) A catadioptric optical system

During the development the following issues have been observed.
I. Sun light from well outside the FOV causing image disturbance
II. Direct drive performance limitation during forward acceleration
Thales to take up the study and analysis of these systems and issues.

RCI will provide relevant information as follows.
a) Electro – Optical Subsystem
 Optics Specification
 Optics design and optics unit realization
 EO Testing
b) Seeker Servo System
 System performance specifications, Gimbal configuration, Specifications of servo components used, Mechanical drawings including masses & Moment of Inertias and Transfer functions .
 Test results of frequency response, time response of servo loops ( Stabilization, Position and Track loop), measurement of Field of regard, Isolation and decoupling values.
 Vibration levels , carrier body and trajectory motions expected etc.
 Documentation on design and test evaluation of Seeker servo system.

Thales Study will address the following aspects
a) Electro Optical System
 Stray light computation using CODEV
 Opto-mechanical analysis
 Test methodology for optical systems
 Control of stray light in the present optical systems
 Integration and alignment of optical systems including a refractive system and catadioptric systems
b) Seeker Servo System
 Define design inputs and loop configurations for better servo performance.
 Thales may define additional test procedures ( friction , un balanced mass measurements, resonance curve and LOS stabilization error etc) to be conducted so that RCI will carry out those tests and report the measurements .
 Study on improvement performance in terms of enhancement of stabilization bandwidth and Disturbance rejection i.e. Isolation ( by compensating non linearities like friction , body couplings, cross coupling , Gimbal resonance, flex lead torque due to cooling tube & cables and feed forward path).
 Enhancement of Distrubance rejection at 21Hz sine wave coming from the Helicopter body disturbance.
 Suggestion on hardware issues related to mechanical , electrical, cables & coolant tube routing, test evaluation procedures , tuning of controller to match with hardware results and stabilization requirement with respect to integration time etc. RCI will implement design modifications and carry out the measurements.
 Nonlinear Simulink model for servo loops (Stabilization, Position and Track loops). Simulation on isolation, decoupling, LOS stabilization accuracy plots, imbalance torque due to boost phase accelerations etc. and comparison with hardware results.
Interestingly,
Justification for single tender
Choice of going on single tender to M/S Thales is due to the following reasons.

USA does not respond to requests for selling FPAs also. Hence approaching USA may not yield any useful outcome.

Israeli defence firm are generally interested in selling their product than carrying out such analysis and help.

M/S Thales has completed such study for Programme AD for the front end Optronic seeker. M/S Thales has the expertise in designing and developing IIR seekers. They have provided technology base for developing IIR seekers in Air Defence mode. M/S Thales is ready to take up such study and analyse the issues as given in the scope of workand suggest remedial measures.

Hence single tender procurement is being pursued.
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by ramana »

KaranM, Flexibility.

The KAB 500 etc. were being used against buildings.
They even fired the KshLs.

IAF is serious now. They want the Griffin to the HSLD for concrete targets etc.
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Thakur_B »

indranilroy wrote:RCI is seeking collaboration from Thales to develop 384X288 MWIR FPA based refractive system. They have issued a single-vendor tender.
RCI has developed 1st version of IIR seeker based on 128X128 LWIR FPA with a gear drive gimbal system. To improve the resolution, the following developments have been taken up.
a) 384X288 MWIR FPA based refractive system
b) Direct drive servo system
c) A catadioptric optical system

During the development the following issues have been observed.
I. Sun light from well outside the FOV causing image disturbance
II. Direct drive performance limitation during forward acceleration
Thales to take up the study and analysis of these systems and issues.

RCI will provide relevant information as follows.
a) Electro – Optical Subsystem
 Optics Specification
 Optics design and optics unit realization
 EO Testing
b) Seeker Servo System
 System performance specifications, Gimbal configuration, Specifications of servo components used, Mechanical drawings including masses & Moment of Inertias and Transfer functions .
 Test results of frequency response, time response of servo loops ( Stabilization, Position and Track loop), measurement of Field of regard, Isolation and decoupling values.
 Vibration levels , carrier body and trajectory motions expected etc.
 Documentation on design and test evaluation of Seeker servo system.

Thales Study will address the following aspects
a) Electro Optical System
 Stray light computation using CODEV
 Opto-mechanical analysis
 Test methodology for optical systems
 Control of stray light in the present optical systems
 Integration and alignment of optical systems including a refractive system and catadioptric systems
b) Seeker Servo System
 Define design inputs and loop configurations for better servo performance.
 Thales may define additional test procedures ( friction , un balanced mass measurements, resonance curve and LOS stabilization error etc) to be conducted so that RCI will carry out those tests and report the measurements .
 Study on improvement performance in terms of enhancement of stabilization bandwidth and Disturbance rejection i.e. Isolation ( by compensating non linearities like friction , body couplings, cross coupling , Gimbal resonance, flex lead torque due to cooling tube & cables and feed forward path).
 Enhancement of Distrubance rejection at 21Hz sine wave coming from the Helicopter body disturbance.
 Suggestion on hardware issues related to mechanical , electrical, cables & coolant tube routing, test evaluation procedures , tuning of controller to match with hardware results and stabilization requirement with respect to integration time etc. RCI will implement design modifications and carry out the measurements.
 Nonlinear Simulink model for servo loops (Stabilization, Position and Track loops). Simulation on isolation, decoupling, LOS stabilization accuracy plots, imbalance torque due to boost phase accelerations etc. and comparison with hardware results.
Interestingly,
Justification for single tender
Choice of going on single tender to M/S Thales is due to the following reasons.

USA does not respond to requests for selling FPAs also. Hence approaching USA may not yield any useful outcome.

Israeli defence firm are generally interested in selling their product than carrying out such analysis and help.

M/S Thales has completed such study for Programme AD for the front end Optronic seeker. M/S Thales has the expertise in designing and developing IIR seekers. They have provided technology base for developing IIR seekers in Air Defence mode. M/S Thales is ready to take up such study and analyse the issues as given in the scope of workand suggest remedial measures.

Hence single tender procurement is being pursued.

MWIR seeker. Sounds like an air to air or a surface to air missile :)
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by ramana »

A few x-posts which really belong here....

1)
Austin wrote:I think IAF/DRDO will have to work to gather to figure out what is the average warhead needed to take out most targets in our environment i.e Pakistan/China , taking into account factor like Hardened/Semi-Hardened base , most common military targets like airfield , C&C infra , Ammo Depo , Transport Infra etc , they need to take into account factors like CEP available for such weapon both in external aided guidance like GPS/GLONASS/GAGAN denied environment and factoring in average warhead size needed to take these out.

Now these might just be good for 60 % of the targets which might says 150 Kg warhead for guranteed destruction of target based on says INS Plus Some cheap Terminal homing system like EO/IR/TV/Semi-Active laser with CEP of 5-10 m then they can work on those types of weapons which meets our needs and within our ability to develop.

The remaining 15-20 % Target might just need 20-30 Kg type SDB warhead while the rest 20-25 might really need hard hitting 500/1000 Kg Weapon assuming similar CEP and indiginious guidance option available with India, of-course there would be the usual dumb bomb of 250/500/1000 Kg warhead relying on Aircraft INS/Radar guidance for delivery say with CEP of 15-20 m


These needs to be worked out between DRDO and IAF on what works best in Indian subcontinent based on type of targets we will encounter and based on available guidance method available during war to deliver these to the type of targets they need to be delivered too
2)
srai wrote:^^^
If Vayu Shakti are anything to go by, the IAF typically uses 1000lb in dive mode or CCIP for individual targets, like aircraft shelters. 250kg and 100kg are carried in multi-carriage and used for attacking an area, such as railway yards. PGMs (typically 1000lb LGB while other AGMs hardly seen) are few and so are used judiciously for high value targets.
3)
abhik wrote:Compensating for lack of precision for warhead weight is a prohibitively expensive proposition because of the non linear relationship between the explosive yield and the radius of destruction. The blast wave would dissipate by a factor of ^3 of distance(or so). One can see this in action in this charthttp://s1116.photobucket.com/user/benne ... ort=3&o=60 (showing the relationship between yields of nuclear weapons and their destructive power) which was linked earlier elsewhere. So a doubling of explosive power will result in an increase in destructive radius of only 20-25% and 10x increase will result in the destructive radius by a little more than 2x.
4)
Austin wrote:
srai wrote:^^^
If Vayu Shakti are anything to go by, the IAF typically uses 1000lb in dive mode or CCIP for individual targets, like aircraft shelters. 250kg and 100kg are carried in multi-carriage and used for attacking an area, such as railway yards. PGMs (typically 1000lb LGB while other AGMs hardly seen) are few and so are used judiciously for high value targets.
So a 150-200 kg warhead would suffice for say 60 % target, while we need guidance that gives CEP of 5-10m without relying on external sensors need cheap INS plus EO guidance for terminal homing , if the aircraft navigation and sar are good it would boost accuracy of Indian 150-200 kg glide bomb

DRDO has multiple sensor/guidance hardware but many are for high end missile relying on cheap reliability of satellite aided navigation is not good as they can be denied or jammed
A few comments.

During the early 1970s India wanted to make the AS20 from France at Bharat Dynamics Limited. US objected to the AS-20 mfg. technology transfer as they thought it would give India an advantage. However later I read India makes the next version AS-30 at BDL. So go figure.
Second British found their 500 lb. or 250 kg dumb bomb were puny and useless. They then developed the 1000 lb. MC and 4000 lb. MC bombs for area targets. All this was with old bomber aircraft.

It was in the mid 70s that US started looking at ways to defeat hard targets and launched twin initiatives: hard target penetration bombs and guidance methods.
What was found is hard target defeat requires actual hitting the target and not a near miss.
This means its own challenges: bomb case integrity: should not shatter or pancake!, fuzes have to withstand the shock and vibration of the impact etc.

Guidance is well known after Desert Storm, Desert Fox. Tora Bora caves and later Iraq war.

I note that IAF had DRDO develop a 1000kg bomb which shows they mean business.
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by vanand »

On SEAD we forget these
Harop and Harpy, which are already in our procession. But these can used only against radar installtions
ramana
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by ramana »

Also here is the link to an old 4000 lb MC bomb.

LINK to 4000 MC bomb

During the raid on Peshawar a few were dropped and became duds as fuzes didn't not work. British technology at best.

IAF Museum at Hindon has a replica painted blue.

Also link to the entire site that has history of WWII British Weapons

http://www.wwiiequipment.com/
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by ramana »

Also

Have you seen this? It may be of some use.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/25042019/Brit ... nance-1946
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Prasad »

Nothing new for folks here. A short piece on ARDE's new gen munitions for the IAF -
New Generation ARDE Munitions Boost Indian Airforce Firepower
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by ramana »

Prasad wrote:Nothing new for folks here. A short piece on ARDE's new gen munitions for the IAF -
New Generation ARDE Munitions Boost Indian Airforce Firepower
Looks like rehash of our Missiles thread.
No new insight.
Cut and paste.
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Indranil »

ARDE is licensing out the manufacture of the 500kg GP bomb (under development) and the 250 kg prefragmented bomb in production at OFB. The ToT cost is an upfront fee and 2% royalty.

The design qualification trials of the 500 kg bomb are complete. Flight trials be completed by April 2018. The demand will be 1000 pieces upfront and then 200 pieces a year. Bomb is similar to Mk 83 bomb.
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by ramana »

Can you post the offer here?
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Kakarat »


ramana
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by ramana »

Just for reference the HS404 20mm cannon

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_HS.404
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by vipins »

NEWS: The Indian Air Force earlier today test fired a
@DRDO_India
developed Long Range Bomb (LRB).
Upon release from the fighter, the Long Range glide bomb was guided to a land-based target with
accuracy per specified limits.
Twitter Link
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Prem Kumar »

Wondering whether its Garuda or Garuthma!

Meanwhile, the IAF also tested SAAW yesterday in Pokhran

https://twitter.com/delhidefence/status ... 6326872071

Hopefully, these are all pre-induction trials
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Ashokk »

Indigenously developed Long Range Bomb (LRB) successfully tested by DRDO & Indian Air Force
#JustIn Indigenously developed Long Range Bomb (LRB) successfully tested by @DRDO_India
& Indian Air Force from an aerial platform. After release from a fighter aircraft, the LRB guided to a land-based target at a long range with accuracy within specified limit.
@NewIndianXpress
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Rakesh »

https://twitter.com/GODOFPARADOXES/stat ... 01513?s=20 ---> DRDO PGHSLD (Precision Guided High Speed Low Drag) PGM family.

Now there exists 2 precision guided (PG) variants of high speed low drag (HSLD) bomb.

1. PGHSLD non winged PGM. Range ~ 30 km.
2. PGHSLD winged PGM. Range ~ 100 km.

Image
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Rakesh »

https://twitter.com/DefenceDecode/statu ... 22500?s=20 ---> DRDO today successfully tested an Indigenously developed Long-Range Bomb. After release from a fighter aircraft (i.e. Su-30MKI), the LRB guided to a land-based target at a long-range with accuracy within the specified limit.

Image

Image
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Rakesh »

VIDEO

https://twitter.com/delhidefence/status ... 72071?s=20 ---> DRDO Smart Anti Airfield Weapon (SAAW) test fired yesterday in the Pokhran Ranges of Rajasthan by the Indian Air Force. Visual: DDR Archives.

https://twitter.com/Sandeep_Mave/status ... 85281?s=20 ---> The Indian Air Force successfully tested the 'Smart Anti Airfield Weapon #SAAW' in the Pokharan range yesterday. EO variant Most Probably.
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Rakesh »

https://twitter.com/delhidefence/status ... 63137?s=20 ---> NEWS: The Indian Air Force tested DRDO's Smart Anti Airfield Weapon (#SAAW) in the Pokharan ranges, yesterday 28 Oct 2021. Further tests of the precision guided munition expected in the days ahead.

Image
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by la.khan »

IAF, DRDO Successfully Flight Test Indigenously Developed Guided Long-Range Bomb

I don't see this posted anywhere. I wonder what this long range bomb is? I heard of Garuda & Garuthma. A few tests were done and nobody knows what happened to any of these. How I wish we had hundreds of these available, certified with multiple delivery platforms :((

I guess this "long range bomb" is yet another world class product from DRDO (BTW, why are DRDO's products always termed world class? And yet, we never hear of them ever again :-?).

I know our military, specifically IA & IAF, are import pasand. I get that with big ticket items like tanks & jet fighters but even with ordnance that can be produced locally (either by private players and DPSUs), our boys prefer to buy from outside :( :roll:
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Cyrano »

Looks like a glide bomb that can be lobbed 100km or more without crossing LOC or LAC. Not a bad idea given how India turns what should be a routine matter of chasing the intruder back until his den and slaying him there, into a matter of earth shattering courage.
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Bala Vignesh »

la.khan wrote: I know our military, specifically IA & IAF, are import pasand. I get that with big ticket items like tanks & jet fighters but even with ordnance that can be produced locally (either by private players and DPSUs), our boys prefer to buy from outside :( :roll:
The OEM of the fighter jet impose a mandate, overtly or covertly, to use only stuff they have certified and many times manufactured in their country.

Hence the usual hullabaloo during tests and then silently pushed to corner..
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Karan M »

la.khan wrote:IAF, DRDO Successfully Flight Test Indigenously Developed Guided Long-Range Bomb

I don't see this posted anywhere. I wonder what this long range bomb is? I heard of Garuda & Garuthma. A few tests were done and nobody knows what happened to any of these. How I wish we had hundreds of these available, certified with multiple delivery platforms :((

I guess this "long range bomb" is yet another world class product from DRDO (BTW, why are DRDO's products always termed world class? And yet, we never hear of them ever again :-?).

I know our military, specifically IA & IAF, are import pasand. I get that with big ticket items like tanks & jet fighters but even with ordnance that can be produced locally (either by private players and DPSUs), our boys prefer to buy from outside :( :roll:
Please don't waste forum bandwidth with such poorly researched rants on the AF and the DRDO. It would have been better if you actually read the threads.
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Post by la.khan »

Karan M wrote:Please don't waste forum bandwidth with such poorly researched rants on the AF and the DRDO. It would have been better if you actually read the threads.
:oops: Ok, will do. I will be more circumspect in my future posts. I wish to say more but I don't want to pick a fight/argument with a moderator.
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Post by Rakesh »

https://twitter.com/TheWolfpackIN/statu ... 51813?s=20 ---> Two flight tests of indigenously-developed Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW) carried out jointly by DRDO & IAF. Both configurations (satellite guided and electro-optical sensors guided) were successfully tested.

https://twitter.com/TheWolfpackIN/statu ... 24422?s=20 ---> RIP in advance to PAF Sargodha, PAF Kamra, PAF Shorkot Road, PAF Skardu, PAF Bholari, PAF Mianwali and PAF Jacobabad.
:rotfl:
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Post by Rakesh »

https://twitter.com/Firezstarter1/statu ... 57258?s=20 ---> Actually 32 SAAW per Su-30, not twenty!! A single Su-30 can literally take out a plethora of targets.

https://twitter.com/Sandeep_Mave/status ... 38282?s=20 ---> Imagine pack of 3 over Enemy's AFB. Just 3.

Image
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Rakesh »

https://twitter.com/Varun55484761/statu ... 98019?s=20 ---> JSR Dynamics Light Weight Cruise Missile. The figures in the brochures are different. It may be because of different payloads/versions which have different ranges. Available in air/surface launched versions. I think Waghanak is surface launched with 150+ km Range. Air Version may have 300 km range.

Image

Image

Image

Image
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Kakarat »

https://twitter.com/alpha_defense/statu ... W2pLl0vx4g
BREAKING

ARDE has received 2 bids for the 'Development of 155mm HE Bourrelet Projectile'. The 2 bidders are : ⬇️

1. Ordnance
Factory
Ambajhari
2. Reliance Ammunition Limited

For Representation
Image
ramana
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by ramana »

So new technology for ERFB shells.
It is not clear but see those stretched ovals or ellipses on the shell body that engages the rifling and impart spin to the shell.
Bourrelet is the forward gripping surface of the shell. The shell gets spun with the two surfaces bourrelet and driving band.
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Kersi D »

deejay wrote:^^^ Add to the list of targets:

- Ports
- Oil Refineries and Storage, Factories, Industries
- Nuclear Installations
- Headquarters (Mil and Civil)
- Bridges
- Telecommunication Nodes (Electronic / Telephony)
Electric power distribution network and electric power sub stations
US has a systems wherein a "bomb" explodes in mid air to release long wire. This wire drop on sub-stations and transmission lines causing a short circuit
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Kersi D »

ramana wrote:Just for reference the HS404 20mm cannon

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_HS.404
I think 20 mm Hispano Suiza cannon was fitted on IN Seahawks
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Kersi »

What news about the CBU 105 ? It was supposed to be used on Jaguars and Mirage 2000 for attacking armoured columns ?
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by ramana »

An old site on WWII ordnance.
The Gerrman EL-15 is the precursor to all the electric fuzes used in aircraft bombs. Its development was tested in the Soviet Union in the 1920s. Wonder if the Soviet AVU-ET series is derived from it?

http://www.ww2airdroppedordnance.com/ge ... fuzes.html

AVU-ET fuze looks like modern derivative of EL-15

https://bulcomersks.com/military-produc ... /fuze-avu/
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Re: Munitions/sub-munitions: accuracy, power and utility

Post by Vips »

Indigenous loitering munition successfully hits target at Pokhran.

An indigenous loitering munition, capable of operating from difficult terrain and high altitude areas, has reached a milestone by successfully
demonstrating its strike capability during tests conducted at Pokhran on Thursday.

Developed by Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL), the autonomous system is designed for Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL) and will soon be inducted into the armed forces. Sources told ET that the system - named ALS 50 - accurately hit the ground target with an explosive warhead during trials.

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The test is a landmark for the private industry which has scaled up efforts in recent years to develop tailored solutions for the armed forces, on the back of policy initiatives steered by the Defence Ministry.

The ALS 50 - which can take off like a quadcopter and transitions into fixed wing mode during flight for long distance travel - has also demonstrated its ability to operate from high altitude areas during tests in Ladakh earlier this year.

Developed by a team of young engineers at TASL, the ALS 50 has an autonomous targeting system that can accurately identify and home into a pre-determined target. The system can also be scaled up to increase range and payload capability, as per requirements of the armed forces. Future development can also include integration of Artificial Intelligence and swarming capabilities.

The VTOL capability gives the system the ability to operate in areas where limited space is available, like narrow valleys, fortified mountain positions, small jungle clearings and the decks of warships. The armed forces have been looking to induct a range of loitering munitions - relatively low cost 'suicide drones' that can be used to accurately take down high value targets like command centres, missile launchers and enemy armour.
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