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bala wrote: ↑23 May 2026 05:22Tragic Story of How India Was Deindustrialized
Between 1813 and 1853, three Acts of Parliament killed three world-leading Indian industries. Bengal cotton, South Indian wootz steel, and Indian Ocean shipbuilding — all demolished within forty years.
A continuation of how India's textile was destroyed by the Britshits.
How 1 Company Destroyed a Market Without a Battle
In 1772, a former East India Company insider named William Bolts published a forensic exposé of how the Company was destroying Bengal's textile economy — not with an army, but with a contract. He was arrested, deported, and erased from history. His book is in the British Library today: shelfmark T.1280. Governor Henry Verelst, who codified it — with Charles Grant, architect of the 1813 tariff, as the thread connecting this to the previous episode. The mechanism Bolts mapped has a modern name: monopsony. It runs underneath gig-economy contracts and platform supply chains today.
This is on Panini Grammar of Sanskrit well known in India. For the computer geeks was known as Backus-Naur form but now everyone acknowledges this as Panini rules of grammar. BTW for Angrez is very hard to formulate a Panini type rule for its grammar, it is that bad and ambiguous as a language!
4,000 Rules: The Sanskrit Grammar Behind Every LLM
Sanskrit grammarian Panini composed the Ashtadhyayi — roughly 4,000 sutras (production rules) that generate every valid word-form in the language from a finite system. The architecture is startling: a metalanguage, silent metadata markers (anubandhas), inherited rule-scope (anuvritti), abstract semantic roles (the karaka system), specificity ordering (vipratisedha), and a phased, two-pass section (the Tripadi). In short — the structure of a modern compiler, twenty-four centuries before programming.
In 1967, computer scientist Peter Zilahy Ingerman proposed renaming Backus-Naur form to "Panini-Backus form" (Communications of the ACM, vol. 10, no. 3). Noam Chomsky has repeatedly credited Panini as a forerunner of generative grammar. So why did 19th-century philologists like William Dwight Whitney (Sanskrit Grammar, 1879) dismiss the system as native "ingenuity" rather than science? This is the story of the world's first formal language — and how its deep structure now underlies compilers, parsers, and modern NLP.
The work of Panini, an ancient grammarian, and his 4,000 production rules, highlighting their significance in the context of language and early programming concepts. We delve into how these rules, written in the Indian subcontinent, relate to modern computer engineering and the theory of computation. It's a fascinating look into language history and its unexpected connection to artificial intelligence.
bala wrote: ↑24 May 2026 21:56
This is on Panini Grammar of Sanskrit well known in India. For the computer geeks was known as Backus-Naur form but now everyone acknowledges this as Panini rules of grammar.
...
@bala ji and anyone else interested (Others ignore please)
In the late 1960s, IIRC, there was a proposal to use the name "Panini-Backus-Naur form" to give credit to all the people who contributed in that order. It was a paper published in CACM. But it went nowhere, as usual.
Not just LLMs, all any compiler front-end works off a BNF. So do compiler compilers, AKA table-driven compilers AKA compiler generators.
What do the Indus valley seals say?
Yajna Devam May 24, 2026
Indus seals are similar to seals from other civilizations. They contain names of people and institutions and devotional or religious slogans. The contents are generally hard to distinguish from later seal inscriptions from the historical era.
Everyone has heard about Nalanda University of ancient India. There is the other little known Odantapuri Vihara also in Bihar. There is YT on this place which can be watched here .
Bakhtiyar Khilji a Turkic Muslim invader in the late 1100s destroyed Nalanda and Odantapuri.
Sanātana Dharma & the Problem of Sanskrit Non-Translatables
Infinity Foundation Official March 26, 2026
Smt. Vandana Mishra invites you to Reverse the Gaze on how we define Bhartiya(Indian) heritage. For too long, Western Universalism has attempted to "digest" the concept of Dharma into the narrow English category of "religion." This episode establishes Civilizational Literacy by exploring why Dharma is one of the most vital Sanskrit Non-Translatables.
Smt. Vandana highlights the importance of Adhikara (qualification) in understanding these texts and warns against the mistranslation of Sanskrit words into English, where deeper concepts like Karma and Dharma lose their true essence. This session is a call for Civilizational Self-Respect, encouraging viewers to look past Secularism as an Asymmetrical Weapon and embrace the Dharma-based pluralism that has sustained our Sacred Geography for millennia.
Smt. Vandana breaks down the ten essential characteristics of Dharma from the Manusmṛti—including Dhṛti (fortitude), Dama (self-control), and Vidya (knowledge)—as practical tools for Embodied Knowing. Moving beyond Category Imposition, we explore how these principles form a Dharmic Worldview that emphasizes inner discipline over external dogma. Join us as we resist the Decontextualization of our traditions and reclaim the Sacred Continuity of Sanātana Dharma.
RAMAYAN KA SACH - Shocking Proofs Like Never Before | Vedveer Arya
May 28, 2026
What if Ramayana and Mahabharata were not mythology? What if they were history — with dates, evidence and astronomical proof?
In this episode of Supertalks, Raghav sits down with Vedveer Arya — Senior Civil Servant, Additional Secretary in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India, and one of India's most rigorous chronologists with over 15 years of research on ancient Indian history.
What's covered:
Why Ramayana and Mahabharata are not mythology — proven with astronomical and dating evidence The biggest myths of Ramayana and Mahabharata — dismantled with research Why Lord Rama and Mother Sita never had a Swayambar — and what authentic Ramayana says How Rama was exactly 25 years old when he went to Vanvaas Why Sri Lanka was not an island during Ramayana times — and how anyone could walk across How Ram Setu was a land-filled bridge — and how it originally disappeared What Pushpak Viman really was — and what authentic Ramayana says about flight Why Lord Hanuman never flew — and was not Vanar shaped but wore a mask The Ramayana technology that Ved Veer Arya actually recreated in his lab India's ancient wisdom and what it tells us about the most advanced civilisation in history
They Destroyed Every Face On This Ancient Bridge. What Were They Hiding?
PraveenMohan May 31, 2026
Deep in a remote Cambodian village stands Spean Praptos, a thousand-year-old stone bridge guarded by massive 9-headed Nagas. But this is not just an ancient crossing — it may be one of the strangest coded monuments ever built. Humanoid figures emerge from serpent bodies, mysterious Naga eggs seem to hide the Seven Sages, and the sacred numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 appear to form a hidden system carved in stone. Even more disturbing, every important face on the bridge has been deliberately erased, while the bodies remain untouched. Who removed these identities, and why? Why do villagers still light candles and leave offerings here at night? Was Spean Praptos simply a bridge, or was it a secret message from an advanced ancient civilization? Watch carefully, because once this code is revealed, the history we were taught may never look the same again.
Chanakya's Mandala theory that predates modern Game-theory
May 28, 2026
Around 150 CE — and by tradition as early as 300 BCE — a Sanskrit treatise called the Arthashastra laid out a complete system for geopolitical strategy: the rajamandala, or "circle of kings." A would-be conqueror sits at the centre; allies and enemies alternate in rings outward, determined by geography, not personality. Overlay the shadgunya — six measures of foreign policy chosen by relative strength — and you get a decision engine eighteen centuries before von Neumann formalised game theory and three centuries before Machiavelli was even born. Max Weber read it, called it radical Machiavellianism — and the Western canon still filed it under "ancient wisdom." Episode 1 of The Chanakya Algorithm. We use Kangle's critical edition and Olivelle's 2013 Oxford translation, and we confront the contested dating (Trautmann 1971) head-on.
Episode 1 of **The Chanakya Algorithm**, a six-part series decoding the Arthashastra as a stack of working systems: geopolitics, finance, intelligence, economics, management, and the synthesis.
SOURCES & FURTHER READING
• Patrick Olivelle, King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra (Oxford University Press, 2013) — the modern standard translation
• R.P. Kangle, *The Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra*, 3 vols. (University of Bombay, 1960–65) — the critical edition
• Thomas R. Trautmann, Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text (E.J. Brill, 1971) — the computational authorship study dating the text's layers to ~150 CE
• Max Weber, "Politik als Beruf" / "Politics as a Vocation" (lecture, Munich, 28 January 1919) — the "radical Machiavellianism" quotation
• Henry Kissinger, World Order (2014) — on the Arthashastra in the realist canon
• Roger Boesche, The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra (Lexington Books, 2002)
Saptanga (seven limbs of the state) and the rajamandala appear in Book 6; the shadgunya (six measures) in Books 6–7. Dating and single-authorship are contested — see Trautmann (1971) and Olivelle (2013).
The Tragic Story of How Britain Destroyed India's Ancient Universities
Jun 2, 2026
In the 1820s and 1830s, the British surveyed India's education system before they dismantled it. Thomas Munro ordered a survey in Madras Presidency in 1822, carried out by collector A. D. Campbell between 1823 and 1825. A parallel survey ran in the Bombay Presidency in the mid-1820s. And in Bengal and Bihar, a former missionary named William Adam produced three increasingly detailed reports between 1835 and 1838 on the orders of Governor-General Lord William Bentinck.
What they counted did not fit the colonial story. Adam's reports estimated roughly 100,000 functioning village schools across Bengal and Bihar alone, close to a school per village. These were pathshalas, gurukulas, and madrassas: community-funded, decentralised, and embedded in village life. The Madras caste data was even more inconvenient, showing that so-called lower castes and Shudras formed a large share, and in many districts a majority, of students. The men sent to confirm Indian educational poverty accidentally disproved it, in writing.
Then it was buried. Thomas Babington Macaulay's Minute on Education, dated 2 February 1835, declared a single shelf of a European library worth the whole literature of India and Arabia, a judgement he made while admitting he could not read a word of Sanskrit or Arabic. His stated goal was to form a class of interpreters, Indian in blood but English in taste and intellect. Five weeks later, on 7 March 1835, Bentinck signed the English Education Act, redirecting government funding toward English and European instruction. The village schools were not mostly state-funded, so the Minute did not defund them directly. They starved instead. The Permanent Settlement of 1793 and later land-revenue systems hollowed out the local patrons, temple endowments, and gentry who paid the schoolmasters, while every job that mattered now required English. Demand collapsed from below as funding shifted above. Nobody had to order the schools closed. They simply stopped making sense to attend.
The receipts sat in colonial archives for over a century until the Gandhian researcher Dharampal pulled them back out and published The Beautiful Tree in 1983. The title comes from Gandhi's speech at Chatham House in London on 20 October 1931, where he argued that the British had uprooted the beautiful tree of Indian education and left it to perish.
This is the forensic story of how a distributed knowledge network was erased on paper, and why the same fight over who controls access to learning is unfolding again in the age of AI and digital education.
On 19 June 2024, a new campus of Nalanda University was inaugurated in Rajgir, Bihar. The bricks can be rebuilt. The question is whether the idea behind them survives.
SOURCES AND FURTHER READING
Dharampal, The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century (Biblia Impex, 1983; reprinted in Collected Writings, Volume III).
William Adam, Reports on the State of Education in Bengal (1835 and 1838).
A. D. Campbell and Thomas Munro, Survey of Indigenous Education in the Madras Presidency (1822 to 1825).
Thomas Babington Macaulay, Minute on Indian Education, 2 February 1835.
English Education Act 1835, enacted under Lord William Bentinck, 7 March 1835.
Charles Grant, Observations on the State of Society among the Asiatic Subjects of Great Britain (1792).
M. K. Gandhi, address at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London, 20 October 1931, in The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi.
On the fall of ancient Nalanda, circa 1193 CE, see standard histories of the Ghurid invasions; the destruction is attributed to forces under Bakhtiyar Khalji, not to British rule.
// the number of lies spread by the Britshits is astounding. They claimed no EDU in INDIA and they gave EDU to India. Next is the hogwash and blatant lie that only Brahmins were educated in Indian schools, it turns out majority were other castes. Castes itself is another invention of the Britshits by segregating jobs performed by people. The lies continue. There are other things like induced famines and killing of droves of people, destroying industry after industry like textiles and steel making. Then there is wanton/willful denigration like Sati, Devadasi and more.
4 Interest Rates From 300 BCE That Run Modern Finance
Around 300 BCE, an Indian text wrote down a four-tier, state-enforced interest-rate schedule — 15%, 60%, 120%, and 240% a year — graded by the risk of the loan. It is one of the oldest codified risk-pricing systems ever found, and it sits in Book 3, Chapter 11 of Kautilya's Arthashastra: a treatise lost for over a thousand years and rediscovered by R. Shamasastry in a Mysore library in 1905.
This is Episode 2 of The Chanakya Algorithm. We walk the risk ladder rung by rung, the debt-versus-equity distinction (prakṣepa), the usury cap and its statutory penalty, the deposit-liability clause, and the line stating that the kingdom's welfare depends on the relationship between creditors and debtors — then trace how James Mill's 1817 History of British India erased the very possibility of Indian economic thought before the text even resurfaced.
We flag what's contested: the Arthashastra did not invent risk-priced lending (Greek bottomry is contemporaneous), and the text's date and authorship are debated. Both are addressed in the video.
References
EDITIONS & TRANSLATIONS
R. Shamasastry (trans.), Kautilya's Arthashastra, Government Press, Bangalore, 1915 (Sanskrit ed. 1909). The rediscovered Grantha-script manuscript, Mysore Oriental Library, with the commentary of Bhatta Swami.
R.P. Kangle, The Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 3 vols., University of Bombay, 1960–65 — the standard critical edition, with sutra/verse numbering.
Patrick Olivelle (trans.), King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra, Oxford University Press, 2013.
DATING & AUTHORSHIP
Thomas R. Trautmann, Kautilya and the Arthaśāstra: A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1971.
Mark McClish, The History of the Arthaśāstra, Cambridge University Press, 2019.
GREEK COMPARISON (bottomry / maritime loans)
Demosthenes, Oration 35 ("Against Lacritus") — the only surviving ancient Greek maritime-loan contract; rates of ~22.5% (peace) and 30% (wartime).
Sidney Homer & Richard Sylla, A History of Interest Rates, 4th ed., Wiley, 2005.
COLONIAL HISTORIOGRAPHY (the named villain)
James Mill, The History of British India, London, 1817.
MODERN RISK THEORY (the inheritors)
Daniel Bernoulli, "Exposition of a New Theory on the Measurement of Risk," 1738.
Harry Markowitz, "Portfolio Selection," Journal of Finance, 1952.
I came across this channel (Ahargana) and this guy has done a wonderful job explaining the Indian calendaring system and terminology that is easy to understand from a scientific background. The playlists are wonderful and engaging. Use of Stellarium software to explain the concepts are great. Lunar year, Solar year, nakshatras, rashis, ritu, panchang, solistices, overlaying lunar calendar with solar calendar etc.
Ahargana has explained things very clearly. Nakshatras are also mentioned.
The nakshatras deserve to be studied in more detail by Indians. It is considered as a referential system for navigation. The nakshatras are believed to be at Vishnu Nabhi which is the origin of our system. There is a temple in TN called Tirupperunturai which on the ceiling shows the exact configuration of a set of stars which constitute each nakshatra.
// BTW the stone henge in UK and there are such stone henges in the world (one in Russia too) have 27 pillars in a round circle. These depict the 27 nakshatras.
BTW the current western zodiac signs is completely off from the constellation of stars, e.g. Aries is defined now where Pisces constellation is currently located. This is true for the rest of Western Rasi system - aries, taurus, gemini, etc. There is a precession of equinox every 72 yrs by 1 degree. When the greeks (who borrowed stuff from India) located Aries sometime ago and there has been no update. With the Indian system we use Chitra star (which is fixed point) and its exact 180 degree is called meshaAdi which is the starting point from which Rasi is determined.
Ahargana explains:
The peculiarity of Western Zodia - first point of Aries is deep insided IAU constellation Pisces
Here is the roster of the Indian team heading to the 67th International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) in Shanghai for 2026. One of the most prestigious international event. Wishing them good luck.
The six-member Indian team - two girls and four boys representing four different states.
Sanjana Philo Chacko (Kerala)
Shreya Mundhada (Maharashtra)
Aarav Gupta (Delhi)
Kanav Talwar (Delhi)
Abel George Mathew (Karnataka)
Bairav Murugan (Karnataka)
Sanjana is actually a returning veteran to international competitions, having previously won medals at the European Girls' Mathematical Olympiad (EGMO) multiple years in a row before securing her spot on the IMO team this year.
Why India Endures: Ajit Doval on Rajiv Malhotra's Civilizational Vision | Indra's Net Launch
Infinity Foundation Official June 12, 2026
Originally recorded at the launch of Indra’s Net, this archival address features Ajit Doval on Rajiv Malhotra’s contributions to Indic thought, civilizational continuity, and the enduring relevance of India’s intellectual and spiritual heritage.
Surya Siddhanta is a seminal work by Mayasura. This text has been updated periodically and the latest happened around 285 AD (Ahargana refers to this update). Nilesh Oak says that the original happened to be around 12,000 BC based on 24 degree tilt of the earth and pole stars being different, this lecture is 6 years ago at Oxford. Those Brits who tried to decipher Surya Siddhanta dismissed it claiming that Indians did not depict accurate stuff or some such nonsense. Ahargana plugged in values from the Surya Siddhanta on revolutions of grahas including the earth and this is very very close to modern day numbers. Earth days read as 365.258756 around sun for 1 yr for example, wikipedia says 365.25636. So much for the hot headed brits.
In 2900 BC, the pole star was Draco constellation or shisumaar. This constellation is depicted in ancient places like Angkor Vat and also the pyramids of Egypt.
Bhagavatam - Verse 5.23.9
ग्रहर्क्षतारामयमाधिदैविकं पापापहं मन्त्रकृतां त्रिकालम्
नमस्यतः स्मरतो वा त्रिकालं नश्येत तत्कालजमाशु पापम्
The body of the Supreme Lord, Viṣṇu, which forms the Śiśumāra-cakra, is the resting place of all the demigods and all the stars and planets. One who chants this mantra to worship that Supreme Person three times a day—morning, noon and evening—will surely be freed from all sinful reactions. If one simply offers his obeisances to this form or remembers this form three times a day, all his recent sinful activities will be destroyed.
How Western Science Stole an Indian Genius's Discovery
Feb 23, 2026
Before Newton. Before Leibniz. A mathematician in Kerala, India named Madhava of Sangamagrama had already solved the core problems of calculus in the 1300s. His infinite series for pi, sine, and cosine — now called the "Leibniz formula" and "Taylor series" in Western textbooks — were recorded in Sanskrit verse over 250 years before their European counterparts. The Kerala School of Mathematics produced what historians now recognize as a foundational framework for calculus, preserved in texts like the Yuktibhasa. Yet for centuries, this extraordinary tradition was either unknown or ignored in Western histories of science. A British mathematician flagged it to the Royal Asiatic Society in 1832. The establishment filed it away for a hundred years. This is the story of Madhava, the Kerala School, and one of the most dramatic oversights in the history of human knowledge. Further reading in pinned comment.
// pretty shameful that we are taught the wrong stuff in school/colleges about usurped stuff. The West is not interested in correctly such deceipt, they continue with names like Newton, Leibniz etc. The amount of cummulative fraud the Britshits committed in the world is staggering and it continues even now.
Sushruta Samhita Dates to 6000 BCE: Nilesh Oak Proves Ancient Indian Surgery's True Antiquity
Jul 8, 2019
Nilesh Oak reveals groundbreaking evidence validating Sushruta Samhita's true antiquity stretching back to 3000-6000 BCE. Discover how ancient Indian surgical techniques documented in 1794 British records and archaeological findings challenge Western chronological assumptions, and learn how precision astronomy, genealogical cross-referencing, and textual analysis definitively establish ancient India's medical sophistication millennia before conventional dating suggests.
Nilesh Oak systematically dismantles colonial-era dating frameworks while presenting Oxford University research exposing the methodology errors that artificially compressed Indian history. Essential viewing for historians, medical professionals, and knowledge seekers understanding how indigenous wisdom traditions were systematically misdated by Western scholarship.
Key Points:
1794 Gentleman's Magazine documentation of rhinoplasty surgery performed by Pune potter using Sushruta techniques
Archaeological evidence of dental surgery in Sindhu-Saraswati civilization dating 5000-7000 BC
Rahu and Ketu illustrated using the Celestial Sphere
Ahargana explains Rahu and Ketu using Stellarium software.
This video illustrates the astronomical definition of Rahu and Ketu using a Celestial Sphere.
Rahu and Ketu are not physical bodies but merely points in space. These are the two points in space where the orbit of the Sun and the Moon intersect (in a geocentric model). The point where the Moon moves from the south to the north of the Ecliptic is Rahu; the point where the Moon moves from the north to the south of the Ecliptic is Ketu. In English, these points are called Ascending Node of the Moon and Descending Node of the moon respectively.
This concept is best illustrated using a celestial sphere. The celestial sphere is all the space that surrounds the earth. It is modelled as a sphere of infinite radius. Stellarium illustrates the celestial sphere by using curved longitude and latitude lines (similar to those used on a globe of the Earth). Using such a representation, it is possible to show North on the top and South on the bottom in the conventional way. This helps to illustrate the Moon moving north of the Ecliptic (Rahu) and south of the Ecliptic (Ketu).
The moon travels around the earth roughly in 27 days one full orbit. Its orbital plane is slightly tilted compared to the earth around the sun. The Moon's orbit is tilted by about 5.1° relative to the Earth's orbit around the Sun (the ecliptic). The moon also moves around the sun at the same rate as of the earth around the sun. Since the moon and earth planes of orbits are not the same, they intersect at two points which Indian astrology deems as chaya graha or shadow planets – rahu and ketu. The moon orbit tilt has one half north and one half south of the earth’s orbital plane. Upon moon’s rise from the south to north it intersects earth’s orbital plane at rahu and on the descend from north to south at ketu.
The plane of the lunar orbit precesses in space and hence the lunar nodes precess around the ecliptic, completing a revolution (called a draconic or nodal period) in 6798.3835 days or 18.612958 years. It takes about 360/19.355 = 18.6 years (6793.4 days) for the nodes rahu and ketu to complete one full revolution along the ecliptic. Such an event happens once every 18.6 years, and last occurred in 2006, and another took place again in 2025.
Why are there 27 nakshatra in the nakshatra mandala?
Ahargana
The sidereal orbital period of the Moon in 27.3 days. By dividing the Moon's orbit into 27 equal parts, ancient Indians ensured that the Moon traversed each nakshatra in approximately one day.
Nakshatra is the term for lunar mansion in Hindu astrology. The 360 degree division of the sky is therefore further divided into 27 subdivision of 13.20 degrees identified with 27 nakshatra. Each nakshatra were chosen as close to the sector on the eliptical. Alternatively, a nakshatra is one of 27 sectors along the ecliptic. Nakshatras on the visible elliptical from earth are really a constellation of stars. However 1 star deemed as yogatara was picked as the name for the entire constellation. From meshadi, each segment is 13 degrees 20 minutes and the first one is Asvini nakshatra. Each of these Nakshatras, in turn, is further subdivided into four Padas or quarters of 3 degrees and 20 minutes. Pada is of equal width.
# Name Pada 1 Pada 2 Pada 3 Pada 4
1 Ashwini (अश्विनि) चु Chu चे Che चो Cho ला La
2 Bharani (भरणी) ली Li लू Lu ले Le लो Lo
3 Kritika (कृत्तिका) अ A ई I उ U ए E
4 Rohini(रोहिणी) ओ O वा Va/Ba वी Vi/Bi वु Vu/Bu
5 Mrigashīrsha(म्रृग- ीर्षा) वे Ve/Be वो Vo/Bo का Ka की Ke
6 Ārdrā (आर्द्रा) कु Ku घ Gha ङ Ng/Na छ Chha
7 Punarvasu (पुनर्वसु) के Ke को Ko हा Ha ही Hi
8 Pushya (पुष्य) हु Hu हे He हो Ho ड Da
9 Āshleshā (आश्लेषा) डी Di डू Du डे De डो Do
10 Maghā (मघा) मा Ma मी Mi मू Mu मे Me
11 Pūrva or Pūrva Phalgunī (पूर्व फाल्गुनी) नो Mo टा Ta टी Ti टू Tu
12 Uttara or Uttara Phalgunī (उत्तर फाल्गुनी) टे Te टो To पा Pa पी Pi
13 Hasta (हस्त) पू Pu ष Sha ण Na ठ Tha
14 Chitra (चित्रा) पे Pe पो Po रा Ra री Ri
15 Svātī (स्वाति) रू Ru रे Re रो Ro ता Ta
16 Viśākhā (विशाखा) ती Ti तू Tu ते Te तो To
17 Anurādhā (अनुराधा) ना Na नी Ni नू Nu ने Ne
18 Jyeshtha (ज्येष्ठा) नो No या Ya यी Yi यू Yu
19 Mula (मूल) ये Ye यो Yo भा Bha भी Bhi
20 Pūrva Ashādhā (पूर्वाषाढ- ा) भू Bhu धा Dha फा Bha/Pha ढा Dha
21 Uttara Aṣāḍhā (उत्तराषाढ- ा) भे Bhe भो Bho जा Ja जी Ji
22 Śrāvaṇa (श्रावण) खी Ju/Khi खू Je/Khu खे Jo/Khe खो Gha/Kho
23 Śrāviṣṭha (श्रविष्ठा) or Dhanishta गा Ga गी Gi गु Gu गे Ge
24 Shatabhisha (शतभिषा)or Śatataraka गो Go सा Sa सी Si सू Su
25 Pūrva Bhādrapadā (पूर्वभाद्- पदा) से Se सो So दा Da दी Di
26 Uttara Bhādrapadā (उत्तरभाद्- पदा) दू Du थ Tha झ Jha ञ Da/Tra
27 Revati (रेवती) दे De दो Do च Cha ची Chi
These 27 constellations were actually 28 but 1 of them was dropped sometime ago. In the Atharvaveda (Shaunakiya recension, hymn 19.7) a list of 28 stars or asterisms is given as:
Abhijit is the Sanskrit name for Vega, the brightest star in the northern constellan of Lyra. Abhijit’s longitude starts from 06° 40' to 10° 53' 20 in sidereal Capricorn i.e. from the last quarter of nakshatra Uttara Ashādhā to first 1/15 th part of Shravana. The nakshartas are now used as celestial markers in the heavens. When these were mapped into equal divisions of the ecliptic, a division of 27 portions was adopted since that resulted in a cleaner definition of each portion (i.e. segment) subtending 13° 20' (as opposed to 12° 51 3/7’ in the case of 28 segments).
The 27 constellations are not 27 actual stars but they are clusters of stars in certain formation. There is a temple in TN, India called Tirupperunturai which on the ceiling shows the exact configuration of a set of stars which constitute each nakshatra. The IAU (international astronomical union – India is a member) has identified many such constellations and tabulated them.
Jainendra K. Jain has been awarded, (along with two others), the 2025 Wolf Prize in Physics for “groundbreaking contributions to quantum matter and its topological potential” that revolutionized “our understanding of two-dimensional electron systems in strong magnetic fields.”
The Wolf Prize is one of the highest honors in the world of science, and this well-deserved recognition of Dr. Jain’s extraordinary contributions is a proud moment for us.
Why Ramayana and Mahabharata are not mythology — proven with astronomical and dating evidence